| 释义 |
- Vowels Monophthongs Diphthongs
- Consonants
- Accent Stress Tonal accents
- References
- Bibliography
{{IPA notice}}This article is about the phonology of the Latgalian language. VowelsMonophthongsNau|2011|p=9}} | Front | Central | Back | | unrounded | unrounded | rounded |
|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long |
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| Close | i}} | iː}} | ɨ}}) | u}} | uː}} |
|---|
| Mid | ɛ}} | ɛː}}) | | ɔ}} | ɔː}}) |
|---|
| Open | æ}} | æː}} | ä|a}} | ä|aː}} | |
|---|
- Phonologically, {{IPA|/ɨ/}} is a back counterpart of {{IPA|/i/}}. As they occur in complementary distribution, they can be regarded as allophones of a single {{IPA|/i/}} phoneme.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|pp=9–10}}
- Long {{IPA|/ɛː, ɔː/}} are rare and occur only in interjections. The phonological long counterparts of the short {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} are the diphthongs {{IPA|/iɛ, uɔ/}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=9}}
- There are very few minimal pairs for the {{IPA|/ɛ–æ/}} opposition. In some dialects, {{IPA|[æ]}} is simply an allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=10}}
- {{IPA|/a, aː/}} are phonetically central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ä}}, {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=9}}
DiphthongsNau|2011|pp=9–11}} | Ending point | | Front | Back |
|---|
| Close | iɛ}} ({{IPA|ui}}) | iu ɨu uɔ}} |
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| Mid | ɛi}} ({{IPA|ɔi}}) | ɔu}}) |
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| Open | æi ai}} | au}} |
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- In contrast to other diphthongs, {{IPA|/iɛ, uɔ/}} are monophonemic.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|pp=9–10}}
- {{IPA|/ui, ɔi/}} occur only in some words.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=10}}
- {{IPA|/iu, ɨu, ɛi, æi, ai, au/}} are very common.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|pp=10–11}}
- Some dialects merge {{IPA|/iu/}} and {{IPA|/ɨu/}} into {{IPA|[ɛu]}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=11}}
- Some dialects merge {{IPA|/au/}} and {{IPA|/ɔu/}} into {{IPA|[ɔu]}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=11}}
- {{IPA|/ɔu/}} occurs only in onomatopoeias and loanwords.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=11}}
ConsonantsNau|2011|pp=11–13}} | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft |
|---|
| Nasal | m}} | mʲ}} | n̪|n}} | nʲ}} | | | |
|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p}} | pʲ}} | t̪|t}} | tʲ}} | | | k}} | kʲ}} |
|---|
| voiced | b}} | bʲ}} | d̪|d}} | dʲ}} | | | ɡ}} | ɡʲ}} |
|---|
| Affricate | voiceless | | t̪͡s̪|t͡s}} | t͡sʲ}} | t͡ʃ}} | t͡ʃʲ}}) | | |
|---|
| voiced | | d̪͡z̪|d͡z}} | d͡zʲ}} | d͡ʒ}} | d͡ʒʲ}}) | | |
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| Fricative | voiceless | f}}) | s̪|s}} | sʲ}} | ʃ}} | ʃʲ}}) | | x}}) |
|---|
| voiced | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA|vʲ}} | z̪|z}} | zʲ}} | ʒ}} | ʒʲ}}) | | |
|---|
| Approximant | l̪|l}} | lʲ}} | | j}} | jʲ}}) | w}} | wʲ}}) |
|---|
| Trill | | | r}} | rʲ}}) | | |
|---|
- {{IPA|/m, mʲ, p, pʲ, b, bʲ/}} are bilabial, whereas {{IPA|/f, v, vʲ/}} are labiodental.
- {{IPA|/f/}} occurs only in some loanwords, such as ortografeja 'orthography'. In other loanwords, it is replaced by {{IPA|/p/}}, as in kopejs 'coffee'.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=12}}
- {{IPA|/v, vʲ/}} are traditionally classified as approximants {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ʋ}}, ʋʲ]}} which phonetically may be fricatives {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|v}}, vʲ]}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=12}}
- {{IPA|/t͡ʃʲ, d͡ʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ/}} occur only in some non-standard dialects, with the fricatives {{IPA|/ʃʲ, ʒʲ/}} being more common than the affricates {{IPA|/t͡ʃʲ, d͡ʒʲ/}}.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=11}}
- {{IPA|/x/}} occurs only in some loanwords, such as tehnologeja 'technology'. In other loanwords, it is replaced by {{IPA|/k/}}, as in kokejs 'hockey'.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=12}}
- {{IPA|/w, wʲ/}} are labialized velar.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=13}}
- The phonemic status of {{IPA|/wʲ/}} and especially {{IPA|/jʲ/}} is questionable.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=13}}
- {{IPA|/rʲ/}} occurs only in a minority of non-standard dialects.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=11}}
AccentStressThe stress is most often on the first syllable.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=13}} Tonal accentsThere are two phonemic tonal accents in Latgalian, which appear only on long syllables, i.e. those with a long vowel, a diphthong, or a sequence of a short vowel and a sonorant. These are falling (also called level) and broken (also called sharp). However, there are only a handful of minimal (or near-minimal) pairs, such as {{IPA|[rɛ̀itʲ]}} 'swallow' and {{IPA|[rɛ̂it]}} 'tomorrow', both written reit.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=13}} Phonetically, both of the tonal accents are falling; the falling accent is realized as an even decrease in intensity and pitch, whereas the broken accent is realized as a sudden decrease in intensity and pitch.{{sfnp|Nau|2011|p=13}} ReferencesBibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last=Nau
|first=Nicole
|title=A short grammar of Latgalian
|year=2011
|place=Munich
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=978-3-86288-055-3
}}{{Refend}}{{Language phonologies}} 2 : Language phonologies|East Baltic languages |