| 词条 | Left Front (West Bengal) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Left Front ({{lang-bn|বামফ্রন্ট}}, transliterated bamfront) is an alliance of political parties in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was formed in January 1977, the founding parties being the Communist Party of India (Marxist), All India Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India and the Biplabi Bangla Congress. Other parties joined in later years, most notably the Communist Party of India. The Left Front ruled the state for seven consecutive terms 1977–2011, five with Jyoti Basu as Chief Minister and two under Buddhadev Bhattacharya.[1] The CPI(M) is the dominant force in the alliance.[2][2] In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front failed to gain a majority of seats and left office. As of 2016 Biman Bose is the Chairman of the West Bengal Left Front Committee.[3] Current member parties
BackgroundThe Left Front has its roots in various past platforms of collaboration of West Bengal left parties and anti-Indian National Congress forces.[1] Such examples were the United Left Front, the People's United Left Front and the United Front that governed West Bengal 1967–1971.[1] However, ahead of the March 1977 Lok Sabha election the left parties under the leadership of CPI(M) decided to form an alliance just amongst themselves, based on past negative experiences in collaboration with centrist anti-Congress forces.[1] The Left Front was set up as the repressive climate of the Emergency was relaxed in January 1977.[1] The six founding parties of the Left Front, i.e. the CPI(M), the All India Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India and the Biplabi Bangla Congress, articulated a common programme.[1][10] The Left Front contested the Lok Sabha election in an electoral understanding together with the Janata Party.[1] The Workers Party of India applied for inclusion into the Left Front, but was denied entry.[4] 1977 electionsLeft-Janata alliance in Lok Sabha electionIn the 1977 Lok Sabha election the Left Front contested 26 out of the 42 West Bengal Lok Sabha constituencies; CPI(M) fielded candidates for 20 seats, RSP 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[13] CPI(M) won 17 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 3 seats.[5] The combined Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 5,049,077 votes (33.4% of the votes cast in the state).[5] Left victory in assembly pollsAhead of the subsequent June 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections seat-sharing talks between the Left Front and the Janata Party broke down.[1] The Left Front had offered the Janata Party 56% of the seats and the post as Chief Minister to JP leader Prafulla Chandra Sen, but JP insisted on 70% of the seats.[6] The Left Front thus opted to contest the elections on its own.[1] It issued a 36-point manifesto ahead of the polls.[1] The Left Front manifesto has similarities with the past 32-point United Front manifesto.[2] The seat-sharing within the Left Front was based on the 'Promode Formula', named after the CPI(M) State Committee Secretary Promode Dasgupta.[21] Under the Promode Formula the party with the highest share of votes in a constituency would continue to field candidates there, under its own election symbol and manifesto.[21] CPI(M) contested 224 seats, AIFB 36, RSP 23, MFB 3, RCPI 4 and BBC 2.[7][8][9] There was also a Left Front-supported independent candidate in the Chakdaha seat.[7][8] The Left Front won the election, winning 231 out of the 294 seats.[10][8] CPI(M) won 178 seats, AIFB 25, RSP 20, MFB 3, RCPI 3 and 1 independent.[7] AIFB and RSP won significant chunks of seats in northern Bengal.[10] The combined Left Front vote was 6,568,999 votes (45.8% of the votes cast in the state).[7] The electoral result came as a surprise to the Left Front itself, as it had offered 52% of the seats in the pre-electoral seat sharing talks with the Janata Party.[1][2] First Left Front governmentOn 21 June 1977 the Left Front formed a government with Jyoti Basu as its Chief Minister.[1][11] The first cabinet meeting of the Left Front government orders the release of political prisoners[12] The Socialist Party joined the Left Front after the 1977 elections.[10] Prior to the arrival of the Left Front government, the political environment of West Bengal was chaotic, and the new cabinet struggled to establish order.[13] The first years of governance was shaky, as the CPI(M) struggled with the notion of managing a communist government within a capitalist framework.[2][41] Minor coalition partners expressed concern over inviting multinational corporations to invest in West Bengal.[2] Operation Barga and panchayat pollsIn the initial phase of Left Front governance, two key priorities were land reform and decentralisation of administration.[11][14] On 29 September 1977 the West Bengal Land (Amendment) Bill was passed.[12] Through Operation Barga, in which share-croppers were given inheritable rights on lands they tilled, 1.1 million acres of land was distributed amongst 1.4 million share-croppers.[10][15] On 4 June 1978 three-tier panchayat local bodies were elected across the state, elections in which the Left Front won a landslide victory.[11][12] Some 800,000 acres of land were distributed to 1.5 million heads of households between 1978 and 1982.[10] The Left Front government was also credited with coping with the refugee situation created by the Bangladesh Liberation War and severe floods.[2] Seeing distribution of central government funds as unjust and politicized, the Left Front government began measures to pressure the central government to change its approach towards the state governments. These movements eventually resulted in the Sarkaria Commission.[16] 1980 Lok Sabha electionAhead of the 1980 Lok Sabha election the Left Front and the Communist Party of India entered into a seat-sharing agreement.[10] CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, AIFB 4 seats and CPI 3 seats.[54] CPI(M) won 28 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.[17] The combined Left Front-CPI vote in West Bengal reached 11,086,354 votes (52.7% of the votes cast in the state).[17] On 27 May 1980 the Left Front cancelled the past Code of Conduct for state government employees, which had limited the right to strike.[12] Second Left Front governmentThree new membersIn 1982 the Left Front acquired three new members, CPI joined the Left Front ahead of the 1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections and the Socialist Party was split into the Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra) and the West Bengal Socialist Party (both DSP and WBSP became Left Front member parties).[10][18] Some of the older, smaller Left Front constituents were uncomfortable with the expansion of the alliance, claiming that CPI(M) was diluting it politically.[18] There were also disagreements on distribution of ministerial portfolios after the expansion of the alliance.[18] 1982 assembly electionCPI(M) contested 209 seats in the assembly election, CPI 12 seats, AIFB 34 seats and RSP 23 seats.[62] 16 candidates were fielded by the remainder of Left Front partners (RCPI, WBSP, DSP, BBC, MFB) and contested as independents.[19] The Left Front won 238 out of 294 seats in the election.[2] CPI(M) won 174 seats, CPI 7 seats, AIFB 28 seats, RSP 19 seats, WBSP 4 seats, DSP 2 seats, RCPI 2 seats, MFB 2 seats.[19] The combined Left Front vote was 11,869,003 votes (52.7% of the votes cast in the state).[19] The incumbent Food Minister, the RCPI leader Sudhindranath Kumar, lost his seat.[67] Kumar was proposed as a candidate for a Rajya Sabha seat on behalf of the Left Front in 1984, but that move did not go down well with RSP and AIFB.[67] Jyoti Basu and five cabinet minister were sworn in on 27 May 1982.[69] Another 15 cabinet ministers and 22 Ministers of State were sworn in on 2 June 1982.[20] 1984 Lok Sabha electionIn the 1984 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, AIFB 4 seats and CPI 3 seats.[71] CPI(M) won 18 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 3 seats.[21] The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 12,296,816 votes (47.6% of the votes cast in the state).[21] Calcutta Municipal Corporation pollsOn 30 June 1985, the first Calcutta Municipal Corporations elections were held under the Left Front rule, an election that the alliance won.[12] Third Left Front government1987 assembly electionIn the 1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front increased its share of seats to 251.[2] CPI(M) had contested 213 seats, CPI 12 seats, AIFB 34 seats and RSP 23 seats.[76] 12 candidates were fielded by smaller Left Front partners on independent tickets.[22] CPI(M) won 187 seats, CPI 11 seats, AIFB 26 seats, 18 seats, WBSP 4 seats, MFB 2 seats, DSP 2 seats and RCPI 1 seat.[22] The Left Front vote stood at 13,924,806 (53%).[22] 1989 Lok Sabha electionIn the 1989 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[80] In Calcutta Northwest the Left Front supported a Janata Dal candidates who failed to get elected.[80][23] CPI(M) won 27 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.[24] The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidate, reached 16,284,415 votes (50.6% of the votes cast in the state).[24] Fourth Left Front government1991 assembly electionIn the 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front won 244 seats.[2][86] CPI(M) had fielded 205 candidates (excluding minor parties contesting on CPI(M) tickets), CPI 11, AIFB 34, RSP 23, MFB 2, RCPI 2, DSP 2, WBSP 4 and BBC 1.[25][26] Several leaders of minor Left Front parties contested on the CPI(M) symbol, such as Kiranmoy Nanda (WBSP), Gouranga Samanta (BBC) and Prabodh Chandra Sinha (DSP).[25] However, DSP also one candidate with its own symbol in Pingla.[25] Two different RCPI tickets contested Hansan (RCPI (Rasik Bhatt)) and Santipur (Real Communist Party of India) respectively.[25] MFB fielded 1 candidate on an independent ticket and 1 candidate on CPI(M) ticket. The Left Front supported Janata Dal candidates in 8 constituencies, mainly in and around Calcutta, as well as 1 candidate of the All India Gorkha League and 1 candidate of the Communist Revolutionary League of India.[25][26] CPI(M) won 182 seats, CPI 6 seats, AIFB 29 seats, RSP 18 seats, WBSP 4, seats, DSP 2 seats, RCPI 1 seat, MFB 2 seats and DSP 1 seat (on its own symbol).[25][26] One JD candidate won.[25] The combined vote for Left Front and allies stood at 15,090,595 (48.92% of the votes cast in the state).[25] 1991 Lok Sabha electionIn the 1991 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 30 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[98] In Calcutta Northwest and Calcutta Northeast the Left Front supported a Janata Dal candidates who failed to get elected.[23][98] CPI(M) won 27 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.[27] The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidates, reached 14,955,151 votes (47.1% of the votes cast in the state).[27] In 1995 the Communist Revolutionary League of India (CRLI) of Ashim Chatterjee joined the Left Front.[28] Chatterjee, a former Naxalite student leader, had unsuccessfully contested the 1991 assembly election as a CPI(M)-supported candidate.[28] Fifth Left Front governmentWBSP-SP mergerAhead of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1996, WBSP had merged into the Samajwadi Party which became a member of the Left Front.[2][29] 1996 assembly electionCPI(M) fielded 217 candidates in the assembly election, CPI 12, AIFB 34, RSP 23, RCPI 2 and BBC 1 candidate on an independent ticket.[30] DSP, WBSP and MFB candidates contested on CPI(M) tickets. In 5 seats the Left Front supported JD candidates, mainly in the Calcutta area.[30] The Left Front won 203 out of 294 seats, the first major electoral set-back since its foundation.[2][30] CPI(M) won 157 seats (including minor parties on its tickets), CPI 6, AFB 21, RSP 18 and BBC 1.[30] The electoral losses were primarily felt in Calcutta and the industrial areas, and nine incumbent Left Front ministers failed to get re-elected.[2] All JD candidates finished in second place and RCPI lost its representation in the assembly.[30] However, in terms of votes the Left Front and the five JD candidates got 18,143,795 votes (49.3%).[25] Jyoti Basu's fifth Left Front government was sworn in, with 48 ministers representing all 13 districts of the state.[2] United Front era (1996–1999)In the 1996 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[116] In Calcutta Northwest the Left Front supported a Janata Dal candidate who failed to get elected.[31] CPI(M) won 23 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats.[32] The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidate, reached 18,011,700 votes (47.8% of the votes cast in the state).[32] In the 1998 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[120] The list of candidates was announced at a press conference on 6 January 1998.[31] The Left Front had been able to reach consensus on its candidates well before the other major parties, and subsequently the CPI(M) election campaign came off to an early start.[31][123] A mammoth United Front, the national alliance backed by the left at the time, election meeting was held in Calcutta on 31 January 1998 with Jyoti Basu as the main speaker.[33] Basu undertook a tour of all West Bengal districts to campaign for the Left Front candidates.[33] The CPI(M) candidates included 18 incumbent Lok Sabha MPs, whereas the CPI and RSP fielded all of their incumbent MPs.[31] The Left Front fielded the ex-mayor and 4-term minister Prasanta Sur to contest against Trinamool Congress leader Mamata Banerjee for the Calcutta South seat, but Sur failed to defeat Banerjee.[31][34][35] The Left Front also fielded Prasanta Chatterjee, the sitting mayor of Calcutta for the Calcutta Northeast seat as well as fielding sitting Howrah mayor Swadesh Chakravarty against the Congress(I) MP Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi.[31][34] AIFB fielded a new candidate in Barasat, as the Barasat MP Chitta Basu had died.[31] All in all, CPI(M) won 24 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 4 seats.[36] AIFB lost the Barasat seat to Trinamool Congress.[37][38] The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 17,101,211 votes (46% of the votes cast in the state).[36] Ahead of the 1999 Lok Sabha election, the Left Front released its list of candidates on 30 July 1999; CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[39][138] The Left Front fielded nine new candidates; two sitting CPI(M) MPs were replaced (Ananda Pathak from Darjeeling and Ajoy Mukherjee from Krishnanagar).[39] CPI(M) fielded new faces in five Calcutta constituencies.[39] AIFB fielded a new candidate in Barasat.[39] RSP and CPI retained all their sitting parliamentarians as candidates for re-election.[39] CPI(M) won 21 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 3 seats.[40] The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 16,494,424 votes (46.1% of the votes cast in the state).[40] CRLI out, WBSP reconstitutedCRLI left the Left Front in 2000 in the wake of the Saifuddin Choudhury's expulsion from CPI(M).[28][146] In 2000, the WBSP was reconstituted after Amar Singh took over the Samajwadi Party and Kiranmoy Nanda (Fisheries Minister of Left Front government 1982–2011) broke away.[29] Panskura by-electionIn 2000 a by-election was called for the Panskura Lok Sabha seat as the sitting CPI MP Geeta Mukherjee died.[41] Mukherjee had held the seat since 1980.[42] The by-election, as it occurred just months before the 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, was attached crucial importance.[43] Jyoti Basu, former Prime Minister V.P. Singh and CPI leader A.B. Bardhan campaigned for the Left Front candidate whilst Mamata Banerjee campaigned for the Trinamool Congress candidate.[43] The defeat of the Left Front candidate (former Rajya Saha MP Gurudas Dasgupta of CPI) by the Trinamool Congress candidate was a major jolt to the alliance.[41][44] On 27 October 2000 Basu, aged 86, was given permission by the CPI(M) leadership to resign as Chief Minister.[2][12][45] Buddhadev Bhattacharya was sworn in as new Chief Minister on 6 November 2000.[12][45] Sixth Left Front government2001 assembly electionIn the 2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front won 199 out of 294 seats, having received 17,912,669 votes along with its RJD and JD(S) allies (49% of the votes in the state).[15][160][46] For the first time since 1977 CPI(M) did not hold an absolute majority of its own in the assembly.[47] CPI(M) had fielded 210 candidates, CPI 13, AIFB 34, RSP 23, RCPI 2, WBSP 4, DSP 2, MFB 1 and BBC 1.[48][49] A 38-point Left Front election manifesto was presented in March 2001 at CPI(M) West Bengal headquarters, Muzaffar Bhavan, and was signed by Jyoti Basu (CPI(M)), Sailen Dasgupta (CPI(M)), Buddhadeb Bhattacharya (CPI(M), Anil Biswas (CPI(M)), Ashok Ghosh (AIFB), Debabrata Bandyopadhyay (RSP), Manjukumar Majumdar (CPI), Kiranmoy Nanda (SP), Prabodh Chandra Sinha (DSP), Mihir Byne (RCPI), Pratim Chatterjee (MFB) and Sunil Chaudhuri (BBC).[50] A mass rally was held at Brigade Grounds on 25 March 2001 with participation from various Left Front leaders and with former Prime Minister V.P. Singh as special guest.[51] CPI(M) won 142 seats, CPI 7, AIFB 25, RSP 17, WBSP 4, DSP 2 and BBC 1.[48][46] In 2 seats (Bara Bazar and Hirapur) the Left Front had supported candidates of Rashtriya Janata Dal and in 2 seats (Chowringee and Rash Behari Avenue) the alliance had backed candidates from Janata Dal (Secular) .[48][47][52] No RJD nor JD(S) candidates were elected.[48] In Hirapur local CPI(M) cadres rebelled against the official RJD candidate and ran a dissident candidate of their own which finished in second place, ahead of the official Left Front-supported RJD candidate.[48][52] The sixth Left Front government, with 48 ministers, was sworn in of 19 May 2001.[53] 2004 Lok Sabha electionIn the 2004 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats.[176] CPI(M) won 26 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 3 seats.[54] The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 18,766,404 votes (50.7% of the votes cast in the state).[54] Seventh Left Front government2006 assembly election{{main article|List of Members of Left Front Ministry in West Bengal in 2006}}In the 2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front won 234 out of 294 seats and received 19,800,148 votes (including votes for allies, representing 50.2% of the statewide vote).[15][55] The Left Front had contested 290 seats (210 CPI(M), 34 AIFB, 23 RSP, 13 CPI, 4 WBSP, 2 DSP, 2 MFB, 1 RCPI, 1 BBC).[55][56][57] In selecting candidates, the Left Front denied tickets to 64 incumbent legislators (52 from CPI(M), 8 from AIFB, 2 from WBSP, 1 from RSP, 1 from CPI), seeking to rejuvenate the list of candidates.[56] Out of the 234 seats won by the Left Front, 175 were won by CPI(M) candidates, 8 from CPI, 23 AIFB, 20 RSP, 4 WBSP, 2 MFB and 1 DSP.[55] Most of the incumbent ministers were re-elected, exceptions being Prabodh Chandra Sinha (Parliamentary Affairs, DSP) and Mohammed Amin (Labour, CPI(M)).[58] The Left Front Chief Whip, Rabin Deb, also lost his seat.[58] In 4 seats the Left Front supported other parties, two each for the Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Nationalist Congress Party.[56] One of the RJD candidates was elected.[15] The Left Front significantly improved its performance in comparison to 2001 in the North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts.[58] Only in the Cooch Behar District did the Left Front suffer a reversal of fortunes.[58] Following the 2006 election, Tata Motors announced that it would establish its Tata Nano car factory in Singur.[12] A major land dispute surged. Likewise, a land dispute issue surged over a planned chemical factory in Nandigram.[12] These two conflicts put severe strains on the Left Front 2007–2008.[12] On 8 September 2008 the Left Front and the opposition All India Trinamool Congress reached an agreement on Singur dispute but in the next month Tata Motors announced that it withdrew from West Bengal.[12] In 2008 the Left Front won an overwhelming majority of the seats in the Howrah Municipal Corporation; out of a total of 50 seats in the Municipal Corporation CPI(M) won 26, CPI 3, AIFB 2, RCPI 1 and 1 seat for Janata Dal (Secular).[59] 2009 Lok Sabha electionThe Left Front suffered a set-back in the 2009 Lok Sabha election.[12] The CPI(M) contested 32 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats, RSP 4 seats.[60][61] CPI(M) won 9 seats from West Bengal, CPI, AIFB and RSP two seats each.[60] The combined Left Front vote in West Bengal was 18,503,157 votes (43.3% of the votes cast in the state).[62] Left Front in opposition2011 assembly electionIn the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front failed to gain a majority of seats and the 34-year streak of continuous state government was broken.[63][64] CPI(M) had fielded 210 candidates, CPI 14, AIFB 34, RSP 23, SP 5, DSP 2, RCPI 2, MFB 2 and BBC 1.[63][65] In one seat Left Front had supported a RJD candidate.[63][65] The combined strength of the Left Front in the newly elected assembly stood at 62; CPI(M) managed to win 40 seats, CPI 2, AIFB 11, RSP 7, SP 1 and DSP 1.[63] The vote of Left Front and its allies had been 19,555,844 (41%).[63] For the first time since 1977, MFB lost the Tarakeswar seat.[66] Loss of HowrahIn 2013 the Left Front was routed in the elections to the Howrah Municipal Corporation, losing control over the town for the first time in three decades.[59] CPI(M) managed to win solely two out of 50 wards, all other Left Front partners drew blank.[59][67][68] The incumbent CPI(M) mayor Mamta Jaiswal lost her seat.[68] On the same day the Left Front lost also lost the local election in Jhargram, winning 1 out of 17 seats.[68] 2014 Lok Sabha electionAhead of the 2014 Lok Sabha election the Samajwadi Party (with whom the WBSP had merged) parted ways with the Left Front.[69] The Samajwadi Party led by Kiranmoy Nanda (for many years the Fisheries Minister in the Left Front cabinets) had demanded that the Left Front allocate Lok Sabha seats to the party, a request that CPI(M) had refused.[69] The Left Front fielded 32 CPI(M) candidates to the Lok Sabha, 4 RSP candidates, 3 CPI candidates and 3 AIFB candidates.[70] 26 out of the 42 candidates were new contestants.[70] Out of the 42 candidates, only 2 CPI(M) candidates were elected.[71] The Left Front vote in West Bengal was 15,287,783 votes (29.9% of the votes cast in the state).[71] 17-party allianceIn October 2014 a broader platform of cooperation between West Bengal left parties emerged, encompassing the ten Left Front parties (CPI(M), CPI, AIFB, RSP, DSP, RCPI, MFB, BBC, Workers Party of India, Bolshevik Party of India) as well as the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist), the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation, the Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), the Party of Democratic Socialism, the Communist Party of Bharat and the CRLI.[72][73][74][75][76][77] In 2014 the 16 party alliance pledged to commemorate 6 December (the day of the destruction of Babri Masjid) as Communal Harmony Day.[76] As of 2015 Samajwadi Party was again a Left Front member, expanding the alliance to 17 parties.[73] In July 2016 Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Nationalist Congress Party also joined the left parties in protests against price hikes.[78] 2016 assembly electionAhead of the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front presented a first list with 116 candidates on 7 March 2016.[79] The list included 69 new candidates, 16 women and 25 candidates from religious minorities.[80] At the time the Left Front was engaged in building a broader front with parties like Janata Dal (United) and NCP against the Trinamool Congress government.[79] Moreover, an electoral understanding with the Indian National Congress was being sought.[79] A second list of 84 candidates was released on 10 March 2016, to the displeasure of INC leaders as 14 constituencies on the Left Front list were already being contested by INC.[81][82] The second list included 52 new candidates, 9 women and 20 Muslims.[81] Apart from the 84 Left Front candidates, two candidates each from JD(U) and RJD were announced.[81][83] Dialogue between Left Front and INC continued after the release of the Left Front second list.[84] Ahead of the 2016 election Nanda and his SP again resigned from the Left Front, citing opposition to the electoral tie-up with the Indian National Congress.[85] After a period of dispute between CPI(M) and INC over the Tarakeswar seat, it was agreed that NCP would field a candidate there.[66] MFB continued to contest the Jamapur seat, however.[86] As per the Left-Congress electoral understanding, RCPI was requested to withdraw its candidate from the Hansan seat.[87] The candidate did however contest anyway, against the wishes of the Left Front.[87] He got 751 votes.[247] CPI(M) contested 147 seats, CPI 11, AIFB 25, RSP 19, DSP 2 and MFB 1.[247] In total the Left Front won 32 seats; CPI(M) won 25 seats, AIFB 2, RSP 3, CPI 1 and MFB 1.[247] The combined Left Front vote (excluding allies) was 14,216,327 (26% of the votes in the state).[88] Departure of DSPOn 30 July 2017, DSP announced that it had broken its links with the Left Front.[89] ChairmenPromode Dasgupta served as Left Front Committee chairman during the early years of the alliance.[90] Dasgupta died in November 1982, after which Saroj Mukherjee became Left Front chairman.[91] Mukherjee retained the post until his death in 1990.[92][93] Sailen Dasgupta served as chairman of the Left Front Committee from 1990 until his death in 2011.[94][95] As Dasgupta suffered ailments in the latter part of his life, Biman Bose held the position as Acting Chairman of the Left Front Committee.[96] Bose took over as Chairman of the Left Front Committee after Dasgupta's death.[97]Summary of electoral history
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 People's Democracy. West Bengal: How The Left Front And Its Government Emerged {{Indian political parties}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite book|author=N. Jose Chander|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA105|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-092-1|pages=105–111}} 3. ^Embassy of Cuba in India. AIPSO WEST BENGAL OBSERVES FIDEL’S 90 BIRTHDAY {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132127/http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/Solidarity/withCubafromIndia/tabid/20409/ctl/Details/mid/31414/ItemID/64477/Default.aspx |date=15 November 2016 }} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Sajal Basu|title=Factions, ideology, and politics: coalition politics in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTZuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 December 1990|publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications)|isbn=978-81-85195-26-1|page=133}} 5. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }} 6. ^The Wire. Why Has Nobody Called It Yet? An Analysis of the West Bengal Elections 7. ^1 2 3 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Bharati Mukherjee|title=Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYg9LlHn21cC&pg=PA31|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-320-9|page=31}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). 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West Bengal Left Front Govt: A Historic Anniversary 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Left Radicalism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=13 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-66805-3|page=107}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997489-4|page=81}} 17. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1980 TO THE SEVENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }} 18. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Amrita Basu|title=Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&pg=PA44|date=1 October 1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08919-8|page=44}} 19. ^1 2 3 Election Commission of India. REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 20. ^1 {{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdRtAAAAMAAJ|volume=28|year=1982|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press|page=lxiii}} 21. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1984 TO THE EIGHT LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }} 22. ^1 2 3 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1987 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL 23. ^1 India Today. Key contests: Pulling out the stops 24. ^1 2 3 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989 TO THE NINTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }} 25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1991 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL 26. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). 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STATISTICAL Report on General Eelection, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal 31. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|author1=Mahendra Prasad Singh|author2=Rekha Saxena|title=India at the Polls: Parliamentary Elections in the Federal Phase|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnAlnDZ2KcYC&pg=PA137|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2328-9|page=137}} 32. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE ELEVENTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) 33. ^1 Frontline. The campaign phase 34. ^1 Frontline. The phase of alignments 35. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S25/partycomp23.htm| title = Partywise comparison since 1977 Lok Sabha elections| accessdate = 25 March 2008| last = | first = | work = 23 – Calcutta South Parliamentary Constituency| publisher = Election Commission of India| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050907120307/http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectionAnalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S25/partycomp23.htm| archivedate = 7 September 2005| df = dmy-all}} 36. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }} 37. ^1 {{cite book|author=M. L. Ahuja|title=Electoral Politics and General Elections in India, 1952–1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA178|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-711-5|pages=178–180}} 38. ^Election Commission of India. 13 – BARASAT Parliamentary Constituency 39. ^1 2 3 4 The Telegraph. NINE NEW FACES ON FRONT POLL LIST 40. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE 13th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }} 41. ^1 The Hindu. 42. ^Election Commission of India. 29 – PANSKURA Parliamentary Constituency 43. ^1 The Tribune. Left Front suffers setback 44. ^rediff.com. Trinamul wins Panskura seat 45. ^1 2 rediff.com. Bengal after Basu 46. ^1 People's Democracy. Left Front Wins A Two-Thirds Majority 47. ^1 Frontline. A spectacular show 48. ^1 2 3 4 5 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2001 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL 49. ^''The Telegraph. DOC IN SEARCH OF WINNING PRESCRIPTION 50. ^People's Democracy. Left Front Releases Election Manifesto 51. ^People's Democracy. Massive Rally Reaffirms Popular Support For Left Front 52. ^1 The Telegraph. DATE WITH HISTORY & HISTORY-SHEETER 53. ^People's Democracy. Bengal Left Front Announces Cabinet Portfolios 54. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) 55. ^1 2 Election Commission of India. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2006 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL 56. ^1 2 People's Democracy. Bengal LF’s List Of Candidates Emphasises Both Youth And Experience 57. ^Ganashakti. ১৯ জেলায় দুই প্রধান প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী এবং নির্দল ও অন্যান্য দলের প্রার্থী 58. ^1 2 3 Outlook. Left Front storms back with three-fourths majority in WB 59. ^1 2 The Telegraph. Rout of the Left 60. ^1 Election Commission of India. 13 – PERFORMANCE OF STATE PARTIES 61. ^Election Commission of India. 25 – CONSTITUENCY WISE DETAILED RESULTS {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=11 August 2014 }} 62. ^Election Commission of India. PARTY WISE SEATS WON AND VOTES POLLED (%) ,LOK SABHA 2009 63. ^1 2 3 4 Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election, 2011 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal" 64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/05/2011513143311330487.html|title=Defeat rocks India's elected communists|first=Subir|last=Bhaumik|date=13 May 2011|accessdate=8 January 2017|work=Al Jazeera}} 65. ^1 Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal – List of Candidates 66. ^1 Anandabazar Patrika. বিধায়কের দুর্বল পারফর্ম্যান্সেই চিন্তায় দল 67. ^Economic Times. Trinamool Congress sweeps civic polls in West Bengal 68. ^1 2 NDTV. West Bengal civic polls: Mamata magic continues, Trinamool wins Left bastion Howrah 69. ^1 Business Standard. Ahead of polls, Left Front suffers coalition blues 70. ^1 People's Democracy. West Bengal Left Front Releases List of Candidates 71. ^1 Election Commission of India. 17 – State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties 72. ^The Gulf Today. Left parties vow joint fight against ‘communalism’ 73. ^1 Communist Party of India (Marxist). Bengal LF Support to Sept. 2 Strike 74. ^Indian Express. ‘Fading partners’: Left parties open debate ‘against’ Cong 75. ^Rajya Sabha TV. 17 Left parties meet to strengthen unity against “communalism” 76. ^1 Times of India. 16 Left parties to observe December 6 as communal harmony day in Bengal 77. ^DNA. CPI(M) General Secretary Prakash Karat says efforts on to bring Left forces together 78. ^People's Democracy. Massive Rally against Price Rise 79. ^1 2 People's Democracy. Bengal Assembly Poll: Left Front Releases First List of Candidates 80. ^Indian Express. Bengal polls: Left Front’s first list has 116 candidates 81. ^1 2 Hindustan Times. CPM’s 2nd list pits its candidates against Cong nominees in dozen seats 82. ^The Hindu. Left’s second list leaves Congress fuming 83. ^Asian Age. Left’s second list for West Bengal out 84. ^NDTV. West Bengal Polls: Congress, CPI-M Hopeful Of Solving Seat Sharing Issues 85. ^The Telegraph. 'Akhilesh can't stand Amar Singh, for his ways and for his interference' 86. ^Ganashakti. জনস্রোতে ভেসে মনোনয়ন জমা দিলেন বাম, গণতান্ত্রিক ও ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ শক্তির ১৬প্রার্থী গণতান্ত্রিক ও ধর্মনিরপেক্ষ শক্তির ১৬প্রার্থী 87. ^1 newkerala.com. Bengal polls second phase crucial for Left-Congress combine (Curtain Raiser) 88. ^1 2 3 Election Commission of India. "West Bangal General Legislative Election 2016" 89. ^Business Standard. DSP severs ties with Left Front 90. ^1 India Today. Pressure all round 91. ^India Today. Grey areas 92. ^1 2 India Today. West Bengal: Seating scrap 93. ^India Today. 'In transition 94. ^Frontline. A life dedicated to socialism 95. ^People's Democracy. 17th Congress Condolence Resolutions 96. ^1 2 3 4 Frontline. What is the Left Front? 97. ^The Tribune. "Left Front Declares RS List" 3 : Political parties in West Bengal|Political party alliances in India|United fronts |
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