“Leith dockers strike 1913”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Leith dockers strike of 1913 was a strike of the dockers of Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland, from 26 June to 14 August 1913. The Dockers were part of the National Union of Dock Labourers (NUDL) union. The strike is said to have brought Leith to a standstill.

Demands

The dockers were demanding an increase in pay, better conditions, a ban on hiring workers outside of the union, and shorter hours.{{fact|date=October 2017}}

Response from employers

The Leith Dock Employers Association replied by bringing in 450 workers to break the strike, housing them in ships—the Lady Jocelyn and the Paris—owned by the company.^[1] They were protected by the local police forces from Edinburgh and Leith, as well as by others who had been drafted in from Aberdeen, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, and the Lothians.

The dockers were unable to enter the perimeter wall, so picketed in shifts. They were only allowed six pickets at a time and always escorted by the police. Questions were raised about the legality of closing a public dock. The authorities argued it was necessary to protect people and property, and those with a valid permit could enter.{{fact|date=October 2017}}

The strike grows

On 13 July the National Union of Railwaymen met and resolved to refuse to blackleg.^[2] Other workers and seamen also joined. The Lothian Miners soon came out in support of the dockers,^[3] and the Leith Dockers were supported by other dockers across the east coast of Scotland.

In July, there was a massive outburst in strikes, at the time being described as a "strike epidemic", after female ropeworkers also went on strike, followed by shipmasters.

The local newspaper reported this was unheard of, and that the workers brought in to do the strikers jobs were unable to match the speed of those on strike and were costly in terms of upkeep for the employers.

Rioting

From 16th to 18th July, there was mass rioting.{{fact|date=October 2017}} Those workers brought in to replace the strikers were attacked and there is said to have been an attempt to blow up the perimeter wall. During this time, naval boats were sent in at the request of the authorities, but this only led to hostility from sailors and marines, who did not want to be used in this way.

Effect on Parliament

Questions were raised in Parliament^[4]^[5]^[6] about the use of ships to attempt to break up ships. The response given was that they came as a form of aid but were found to be unnecessary. MPs expressed unease about the secrecy surrounding the use of the ships.

Union officials attempted to control the situation but to no avail. The local press reported sympathetically that the police had often provoked the situation.

20 July 1913

Around the middle of July, Edinburgh Tramwaymen and Boilermakers went on strike too, and together, on 20 July 1913, held a demonstration with dockers, seamen, firemen and other trade unionists.^[7]

The local paper The Scotsman reported there was 3,000 dockers, 600 firemen and sailors, 500 tramwaymen, 150 boilermakers, mill girls, and 350 children of the striking workers led by two labour school board teachers, totalling about 4,600. During the procession, there were banners calling for a living wage and protesting the use of force. A loaf of bread painted green to look mouldy was held high, which the strikes suggested was symbolising their share of profits made. The dockers and tramwaymen separated with the dockers and others heading along to Leith Links. Once there, speeches were made. French Anarcho-Syndicalist Madame Sorgue^[8] spoke. A later speaker suggested the solution lay in electoral politics and advocated voting for the labour party in upcoming elections. James Airlie from the Boilermakers union spoke, pointing out that the army had been used more times during the strike—20 times he claimed—than during the war.

Financial support

The tramwaymen strike was called off on 2nd August, but they along with the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (ASE), the Leith and Edinburgh Labour party councillors and Edinburgh and Leith Trade Councils pledged financial support to the continuing dockers strike.{{fact|date=October 2017}}

By the sixth week of the strike, those charged with rioting were up in court and were soon found guilty. The local paper The Leith Observer, under the cover of a pseudonym, lambasted the decision.

The end of the strike

The strike finally ended on 14 August, when James O'Connor Kessack informed a mass meeting of dockers at the Gaiety Theatre that more strike-breakers ready to cross the picketline were coming from Newcastle.{{fact|date=October 2017}}

Advised by the leadership of the NUDL, the assembled mass meeting voted by a large majority to end the strike, but it came as a surprise to all because no one expected it to end so suddenly.

The dockers returned to work on the same conditions as before. As things returned to normal, many faced court for their part in the riots.^[9] The Strike is covered in 4 pages of the book Red Scotland.

Repeated strikes of the dockers of Leith would continue into modern times, with another strike in 1983^[10] and a National Dock strike in 1989.^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wtJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GqYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5174%2C1172543 |title=Leith Dockers' Strike |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=10 July 1913 |accessdate=27 December 2016}}
2. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xdJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GqYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823%2C1631316 |title=Leith Dock Strike. 600 Seamen discharged. Railwaymen’s decision |work=The Glasgow Herald |page=9 |date=14 July 1913 |accessdate=27 December 2016}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TC19130705.2.63|title=Papers Past {{!}} Leith Dockers' Strike (Colonist, 1913-07-05)|last=Zealand|first=National Library of New|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|access-date=2016-12-16}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1913/aug/14/leith-dock-strike#S5CV0056P0_19130814_HOC_266|title=Leith Dock Strike. (Hansard, 14 August 1913)|website=hansard.millbanksystems.com|access-date=2016-12-16}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1913/aug/07/leith-labour-dispute#S5CV0056P0_19130807_HOC_158|title=Leith Labour Dispute. (Hansard, 7 August 1913)|website=hansard.millbanksystems.com|access-date=2016-12-16}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1913/aug/07/leith-labour-dispute#S5CV0056P0_19130807_HOC_152|title=Leith Labour Dispute. (Hansard, 7 August 1913)|website=hansard.millbanksystems.com|access-date=2016-12-16}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_street_r/0_street_views_-_shore_leith_dockers_demonstration_1913.htm|title=Leith Dockers' Demonstration – The Shore, Leith, 1913|website=www.edinphoto.org.uk|access-date=2016-12-16}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/history/cauvin-nee-durand-de-gros-antoinette-aka-madame-sorgue-1864-1924|title=Cauvin,( nee Durand de Gros) Antoinette aka Madame Sorgue 1864-1924|website=libcom.org|access-date=2016-12-17}}
9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeeqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|title=Red Scotland!: The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, c. 1872 to 1932: The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, c. 1872 to 1932|last=Kenefick|first=William|date=2007-07-15|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9780748630820|language=en}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/nostalgia-henry-robb-shipyard-strike-1-2881055|title=Nostalgia: Henry Robb shipyard strike|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|access-date=2016-12-16}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc12234.pdf|title=Leith Dockers Branch archived material inventory|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}