| 词条 | 9K52 Luna-M |
| 释义 |
| name = 9K52 Luna-M | image = Luna m frog 7 hameenlinna 1.jpg | caption = 9P113 TEL with 9M21 rocket | origin = Soviet Union | type = Artillery rocket | is_artillery = yes | is_missile = yes | is_vehicle = yes | service = 1964–present | used_by = | wars = Soviet–Afghan War, Iran–Iraq War, Lebanese Civil War, Gulf War, Yugoslav Wars, 2003 invasion of Iraq, Libyan Civil War, Syrian Civil War, Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) | designer = | design_date = | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = | number = | variants = 9M21B (nuclear), 9M21F (HE) and 9M21G (chemical), Laith-90 | spec_label = 9M21B | weight = {{convert|2.2|-|2.5|t|st|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}} | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter = {{convert|0.5|m|abbr=on}} | crew = 4 | cartridge = | cartridge_weight = | caliber = | barrels = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = | max_range = {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} | feed = | sights = | filling = High explosive, chemical, nuclear | filling_weight = 9M21B: Nuclear-armed variant, fitted w/ 500 kg warhead 9M21G: fitted w/ 390 kg warhead | detonation = | yield = | armour = | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = | engine_power = | pw_ratio = | transmission = | payload_capacity = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = | speed = Mach 3 | guidance = | steering = | wingspan = | propellant = | ceiling = | altitude = | depth = | boost = | accuracy = | launch_platform = 8 x 8 ZIL-135 missile launcher | transport = }} The 9K52 Luna-M ({{lang-ru|Луна}}; {{lang-en|moon}}, NATO reporting name FROG-7) is a Soviet short-range artillery rocket system. It fires unguided and spin-stabilized 9M21 rockets. "FROG" is a backronym for "Free Rocket Over Ground". DescriptionThe 9M21 rockets are mounted on a wheeled 9P113 transporter erector launcher (TEL) based on the ZIL-135 8x8 army truck. The TEL features a large hydraulic crane used for reloading rockets from 9T29 transporters (also ZIL-135 based). The 9M21 has a range up to 70 km and a CEP (circular error probable) between 500 m and 700 m. The road mobile rocket has a 550 kg warhead and is capable of delivering high explosive, nuclear, or chemical warheads. HistorySix of the initial version of the 9M21 were in Cuba during the missile crisis in October 1962.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} These missiles, which were ready to fire, had nuclear warheads installed.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} A further 70 warheads were stockpiled on the island.{{dubious|date=January 2015}} The Luna was later extensively deployed throughout some Soviet satellite states. The rocket has been widely exported and is now in the possession of a large number of countries. After the war with Iran, Iraq modified its stock of 9M21s with a joint assistance programme with Egypt and Egyptian Army engineers {{citation needed|date=July 2017}}, by extending their range to 90 km and fitting a submunition-carrying warhead. The rocket was renamed Laith-90.[1] In the course of the Yugoslav Wars, Serb forces launched FROG-7 rockets on a number of Croatian cities, like Zupanja,[2] on 12 December 1992, or the capital Zagreb, on 11 September 1993, while the battle of Medak Pocket was still ongoing.[3] During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Headquarters of the 2nd Brigade, US 3rd Infantry Division, Tactical Operations Center (TOC) of U.S Col. David Perkins, was targeted and struck by either an Iraqi FROG-7[4] rocket or an Ababil-100 SSM missile, killing three soldiers and two embedded journalists. Another 14 soldiers were injured, and 22 vehicles destroyed or seriously damaged, most of them Humvees.[5][6] RAF jets targeted and destroyed FROG-7 launchers operated by Pro-Gaddafi forces south of Sirte in the 2011 Libyan civil war.[7]Starting in 2012, during the Syrian Civil War, the Syrian Arab Army fired several FROG-7 rockets against different areas under control of different insurgent formations.[8] Variants
Nuclear-armed variant, fitted with a 500 kg (1,213-lb) warhead.
This variant is fitted with a 390 kg (860-lb) warhead.
Iraqi version with increased range (90 km) and submunition warhead. OperatorsCurrent operators[9]
Former operators
References1. ^Cordesman, Anthony: Iraq and the War of Sanctions. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. Page 453. {{ISBN|0275965287}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|url=|title=Serbs Fired Surface-to-Surface Missile at Zupanja|last=|first=|date=12 December 1992|journal=FBIS Daily Report: East Europe, Issues 241-252|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|publisher=The Service}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=The Chance of War: Canadian Soldiers in the Balkans, 1992–1995|last=Wood|first=John|publisher=Dundurn|year=2003|isbn=1-55002-426-4|location=|pages=107}} 4. ^{{Cite web|title=Engineers quietly do job, face deadly missile strike|url=http://www.toledoblade.com/World/2003/05/11/Engineers-quietly-do-job-face-deadly-missile-strike.html|website=Toledo Blade|accessdate=2015-12-29}} 5. ^"He (Lt. Col. Wesley, second in command) had gotten only thirty feet from his vehicle when a powerful Abril (sic) missile hit it dead center." Lacey, Jim:Takedown: the 3rd Infantry Division's twenty-one day assault on Baghdad. Naval Institute Press, 2007, page 243. {{ISBN|1-59114-458-2}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad|last=Zucchino|first=David|publisher=Grove Press|year=2004 |isbn=|location=|pages=162}} 7. ^UK MOD Operation Ellamy from Global Security website, 9 May 2011 8. ^http://aoav.org.uk/2013/syrias-dirty-dozen-luna-mfrog-7/ 9. ^Military balance 2010 10. ^http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/missile-designation.htm 11. ^Robert Rochowicz (2018) (in Polish). Rakiety operacyjne i taktyczne w Siłach Zbrojnych PRL. „Poligon” No. 1/2018(62), p. 61-68, ISSN 1895-3344 External links{{Commons category|9K52 Luna-M}}
5 : Rocket artillery|Unguided nuclear rockets of the Soviet Union|Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union|Chemical weapon delivery systems|Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology products |
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