请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 9K720 Iskander
释义

  1. History

  2. Description

  3. Deployment and combat history

     Georgia  Kaliningrad region  Russia and elsewhere 

  4. Variants

     Iskander-M  Iskander-K 

  5. Export variant

  6. Operators

  7. Details

     Specifications  System components  Intended targets 

  8. See also

     Comparable missiles 

  9. References

  10. External links

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name = 9K720 Iskander
SS-26 Stone
|image = Army2016demo-075.jpg
|image_size = 300
|caption = Russian Iskander missiles on the 9P78-1 Transporter erector launcher at the military forum Army-2016
|origin= Russia
|type = Short-range ballistic missile
|service=2006–present[1]
|vehicle_range = {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}-{{convert|400-500|km|mi|abbr=on}}[1][2] for Iskander-M
|filling = {{convert|480-700|kg|lb|abbr=on}} thermonuclear weapon, High explosive fragmentation, submunition, penetration, fuel-air explosive, EMP[3][4]
|engine = Single-stage solid propellant
|guidance = Inertial guidance, optical DSMAC (Iskander-M), TERCOM (Iskander-K), use of GPS / GLONASS in addition to the inertial guidance system[5]
Inertial, use of GPS / GLONASS and optical DSMAC terminal homing
|accuracy = 5–7 m (Iskander-M)
|speed = {{convert|2000|m/s|Mach|abbr=on}} Burn-out velocity (hypersonic)[6]
|length = {{convert|7.3|m|abbr=on}}
|diameter = {{convert|0.92|m|abbr=on}}
|weight = {{convert|3800|kg|abbr=on}}[7]
|payload_capacity = 480 kg[7]
|manufacturer= Votkinsk Plant State Production Association (Votkinsk) – missiles
Production Association Barricades (Volgograd) – ground equipment
KBM (Kolomna) – developer of the system
|unit_cost =
|used_by = Russian Ground Forces
Armenian Armed Forces
|launch_platform = Mobile TEL
|wars = Syrian Civil War[8][9]
}}

The 9K720 Iskander ({{lang-ru|«Искандер»}}; NATO reporting name SS-26 Stone) is a mobile short-range ballistic missile system produced and deployed by the Russian Federation. The missile systems (Искандер-М) are to replace the obsolete OTR-21 Tochka systems, still in use by the Russian armed forces, by 2020.[10][11] The Iskander has several different conventional warheads, including a cluster munitions warhead, a fuel-air explosive enhanced-blast warhead, a high explosive-fragmentation warhead, an earth penetrator for bunker busting and an electromagnetic pulse device for anti-radar missions. The missile can also carry nuclear warheads.[12][13][14] In September 2017, the KB Mashinostroyeniya (KBM) general designer Valery M. Kashin said that there were at least seven types of missiles (and "perhaps more") for Iskander, including one cruise missile.[15]

History

The road-mobile Iskander was the second attempt by Russia to replace the Scud missile. The first attempt, the OTR-23 Oka, was eliminated under the INF Treaty. The design work on Iskander was begun in December 1988, initially directed by the KBM rocket weaponry designer Sergey Nepobedimy, and was not significantly affected by the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.[16][17]

The first successful launch occurred in 1996.[18]

In September 2004, at a meeting with senior defense officials reporting to President Vladimir Putin on the drafting of a defense budget for 2005, the Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov spoke about the completion of static tests of a new tactical missile system called the Iskander. He said that the system would go into quantity production in 2005 and toward the end of that year, Russia would have a brigade armed with it.[12] In March 2005, a source in the Russian defence industry told Interfax-AVN the development of new missiles with a range of 500–600 km, based on existing Iskander-E tactical missile systems, was a possibility. He said, however, that it "may take up to five or six years".[12]

In 2006, serial production of the Iskander-M Tactical Ballistic Missile System was launched, and the system was adopted by the Russian army.[12] The production cost of the missile system was reported in 2014 to have been slashed by 30%.[19]

There was a Russian announcement by GosNIIP, the design bureau that builds guidance for cruise missiles, that Russia completed state acceptance trials of the “ground-based system 9M728, 9M729 and its modernized version.”[20]

In November 2016, the Russian military announced that the modernisation of the Iskander-M System was under way.[10] A number of countries were reported to have shown interest in purchasing the export version of Iskander, but such possibility was only announced in early February 2017.[18]

The United States has argued that the cruise missile version SSC-8 R-500 Iskander-K is in violation of the INF Treaty because its estimated range is beyond 500 km.[21]

Description

The Iskander ballistic missile is superior to its predecessor, the Oka. The Iskander-M system is equipped with two solid-propellant single-stage guided missiles, model 9M723K1. Each one is controlled throughout the entire flight path and fitted with an inseparable warhead. Each missile in the launch carrier vehicle can be independently targeted in a matter of seconds. The mobility of the Iskander launch platform makes a launch difficult to prevent.

Targets can be located not only by satellite and aircraft but also by a conventional intelligence center, by an artillery observer, or from aerial photos scanned into a computer. The missiles can be re-targeted during flight in the case of engaging mobile targets.[13] Another unique feature of Iskander-M [22] is the optically guided warhead, which can also be controlled by encrypted radio transmission, including such as those from AWACS or UAV. The electro-optical guidance system provides a self-homing capability. The missile's on-board computer receives images of the target, then locks onto the target with its sight and descends towards it at supersonic speed.

Boost phase thrust vector control (TVC) is accomplished by graphite vanes similar in layout to the V-2 and Scud series tactical ballistic missiles. According to some rumors, in flight, the missile follows a quasi-ballistic path, performing evasive maneuvers in the terminal phase of flight and releasing decoys in order to penetrate missile defense systems. The missile never leaves the atmosphere as it follows a relatively flat trajectory. The missile is controlled during the whole flight with gas-dynamic and aerodynamic control surfaces. It uses small fins to reduce its radar signature.[23]

The Russian Iskander-M travels at a hypersonic speed of 2100–2600 m/s (Mach 6–7) and an altitude of 50 km. The Iskander-M weighs 4,615 kg, carries a warhead of 710–800 kg, has a range of 500 km and achieves a circular error probable (CEP) of 5–7 meters (when coupled with optical homing head; 30-70 m in autonomous application [24]

). It is rumored that during flight it can maneuver at different altitudes and trajectories and can turn at up to 20 to 30 G to evade anti-ballistic missiles{{cn|date=March 2018}}. This rumor causes great controversy between critics with many argued that Iskander aerodynamic layout and cruising altitude will not allow it to perform high-G maneuver due to lack of lift.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Iskander is a tactical missile system designed to be used in theater level conflicts.[25] It is intended to use conventional or thermonuclear weapon warheads for the engagement of small and area targets (both moving and stationary), such as hostile fire weapons, air and anti-missile defenses, command posts and communications nodes and troops in concentration areas, among others. The system can therefore destroy both active military units and targets to degrade the enemy's capability to wage war.

In 2007, a new missile for the system (and launcher) was test fired, the {{Interlanguage link multi|R-500|2=ru|3=Р-500 (ракета)|preserve=1}} cruise missile,[26] with a range of applications up to 2000 km or more.[27] Presently, "Iskander-M" system, outfitted with cruise and ballistic missiles, is being delivered to the military. In 2013, army missile brigades first received missiles equipped with a new control system.[28] As of 2018, Iskander missile complex can now strike static sea targets.[29]

The system can be transported by various vehicles, including airplanes.[30]

The maximum power for the nuclear warhead is 50 kiloton TNT (Iskander-M).[31]

Deployment and combat history

Georgia

The first documented use of the Iskander has been in the Russo-Georgian War. After the death of Dutch journalist Stan Storimans on August 12, 2008 in Gori an investigation by the Dutch government revealed that a single, 5 mm fragment from an anti-personnel sub-munition, propelled by an Iskander missile, killed the Dutch journalist.[32]

Kaliningrad region

In November 2008, the Russian president Dmitry Medvedev in his first annual address to the Federal Assembly of Russia announced plans to deploy Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia′s western-most territory on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, if the U.S. went ahead with its European Ballistic Missile Defense System.[33][34] On 17 September 2009, US president Barack Obama announced the cancellation of the U.S. missile defense project in Poland and the Czech Republic.[35] The following day, Moscow indicated it might in turn cancel the plans to deploy Iskander missiles to Kaliningrad;[36] a few days later, the decision not to deploy was confirmed by Medvedev.[37] On 23 November 2011, President Medvedev indicated that Russia might deploy Iskander tactical missiles in the Kaliningrad region as part of Russia's reaction to the United States' reformulated missile defence plans in Europe.[38]

In December 2013, President Vladimir Putin denied Western media reports[39] that Russia had deployed Iskander missiles in the Kaliningrad Oblast.[40]

According to Russian media reports,[41][42] in December 2014 and in March 2015, Russia deployed Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad Oblast as part of military exercises.

On 8 October 2016, the Russian military confirmed that they had moved Iskander-M missiles into the Kaliningrad oblast, adding the move was part of routine drills and had happened previously multiple times and would happen in future.[43][44] A few days after, Chairman of the Defense Committee of the Russian State Duma Vladimir Shamanov commented that the transfer of missile systems Iskander-M into the Kaliningrad region had been effected to counter potential threats from the U.S. missile defense facilities that had been stationed in Europe as well as those that might be stationed subsequently.[45]

In early February 2018, Shamanov confirmed that Russia had deployed an unidentified number of Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad region.[46][47] Days prior, the local military commanders said that the "park zones" for Iskander missiles deployment had been completed in the Kaliningrad region, as well as in North Ossetia.[48]

Russia and elsewhere

In September 2009, the Russian military announced plans to deploy Iskander missiles in all the military districts of Russia "in a short time".[49][50]

According to the Stratfor report in 2010 there were five Iskander brigades stationed and operational in Russia, namely the 26th Rocket Brigade in the town of Luga, Leningrad Oblast, south of St. Petersburg; 92nd Rocket Brigade at Kamenka, near Penza in the Volga region; 103rd Rocket Brigade at Ulan-Ude, north of Mongolia; 107th Rocket Brigade at Semistochni, in the Far East;[51] and the 114th Rocket Brigade at Znamensk, in the northern Caucasus.[52][53]

In June 2013, it was revealed that Russia had deployed several Iskander-M ballistic missile systems in Armenia at undisclosed locations.[54] In 2016, it was reported by media that Armenia had received a divizion of Iskander missiles.[55]

In November 2014, US General Breedlove stated that Russian forces "capable of being nuclear" had been moved into Crimea,[56] the Ukrainian peninsula which the Russian Federation had annexed in March, and the following month Ukrainian Armed Forces announced that Russia had deployed a nuclear-capable Iskander division in the territory.[57][58] Russian Foreign Ministry officials declared the right to deploy nuclear weapons in the peninsula, which is generally recognized as part of Ukraine, in December 2014[59] and June 2015.[60]

In March 2016, at least one Iskander system was reportedly deployed at Russia's Hmeimim airbase in Syria.[61] In January 2017 an Israeli company claimed satellite photography confirmed the Syrian deployment.[62]

According to a Fox News report in early February 2017, four Iskander missiles had been fired at opposition targets in the Idlib province in Syria.[63]

RF Deputy Prime Minister Yury Borisov reported in late 2018 that the Iskander-M missile system as well as the Tornado-G and Smerch rocket launchers had proved their effectiveness in combat in Syria.[64]

Variants

Iskander-M

Variant for the Russian Armed Forces with two 9M723 quasi ballistic missiles with published range 415 km, rumoured 500 km. Speed Mach 6-7, flight altitude up to 6–50 km, nuclear capable stealth missile, controlled at all stages, not ballistic flight path. Immediately after the launch and upon approach to the target, the missile performs intensive maneuvering to evade anti-ballistic missiles.[65] The missile constantly maneuvers during flight as well.[30][66]

Iskander-K

(K stands for Krylataya or "Winged") Variant intended to launch various types of cruise missiles. At present, it includes the following missiles:

  • 9M728 (SSC-7) also known as R-500 – flight altitude up to 6 km, published range up to 500 km[67] although it may be higher[68] and automatic adjustment in the way, follow of terrain relief in flight.[65] The missile is evolved from 3M10, 3M54/3M14 and Kh-101/102 missiles and can be launched also by the Iskander-M.[68]
  • 9M729 (SSC-8) – new long-range missile that is reportedly land-based version of the 3M14 (SS-N-30) Caliber-NK missile complex with a range between {{convert|300-3400|mi}} and may be based even on the air-launched Kh-101 cruise missile with a range over {{convert|5500|km}}.[69][70][71] According to RF, its range is only 480 km and its specially-developed self-propelled launcher can carry 4 missiles. The 9M729 missile has a higher yield warhead and a new control system for greater accuracy. Most parts and components of the 9M728 and 9M729 missiles are identical.[72]

Currently there are 7 different types of ballistic and cruise missiles for both variants of the Iskander missile system.[73][74][75]

Export variant

The director of the state corporation Rostec Sergey Chemezov said – Missile complexes "Iskander" is a serious offensive weapon capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. This ballistic missile system is in the military list of products prohibited for export. Sergey Chemezov: "Iskander" missile complexes cannot be exported.[76][77]

However, the export variant is known as Iskander-E and its first foreign operator became Armenia, a Russian ally and a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). Iskander-E has a maximum range up to 280 km and is fitted with a simplified inertial guidance system. The Iskander-E can also use missiles that carry warheads with cluster munitions.[78]

Operators

  • {{RUS}} – 136 units (11 rocket brigades with 12 units each, and one unit with 4 units at Kapustin Yar).[79][80] In service with the Western Military District since 2010.[81] Missiles are also deployed in Armenia.[54] Two deliveries in 2013.[82] Missile units in Krasnodar and Stavropol territories as well as in the Republic of Adygea in the 49th Army of the Southern Military District, and a missile brigade in the Eastern Military District received Iskander-M in 2013.[83][84] One more delivery in July 2014.[85] Missile brigade, stationed in the Orenburg region, rearmed on "Iskander-M" on 20 November 2014.[86] 6th brigade delivered on 16 June 2015 to unit in Ulan Ude[87] (presumably the 103rd Rocket Brigade). Seventh brigade delivered in November 2015 to the Southern Military District.[88] All scheduled 120 complexes.[89] 20th Independent Guards Rocket Brigade – 5th Red Banner Army of the Eastern Military District (the brigade stationed in Spassk-Dalniy, Primorsky Krai) – in June 2016.[90] One more delivery in November 2016 to the Central MD.[91] Next delivery conducted in 2nd quarter of 2017.[92] The contract for two more brigades and cruise missiles for the system signed in August 2017 will increase the total number of rocket brigades to 13.[93][94] A brigade set of Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile systems has been delivered to the personnel of a missile large unit in the Western Military District in late 2017.[95]
  • {{ARM}} – 25 units.[96] Several systems were displayed at the Independence Day parade rehearsal in September 2016. Two managers of the Russian military-industrial complex Rosoboronexport confirmed that four 9K720 Iskander systems were delivered to Armenia per CSTO arms agreement, thus making Armenia, a country in military union with Russia, the first foreign state to have the missile system.[97][98][99] In February 2017, the Defence minister of Armenia told a Russian mass media outlet that the Iskander missiles stationed in Armenia and shown at the military parade in September 2016 were owned and operated by the Armed Forces of Armenia.[100]
  • {{flag|Algeria}} – 4 regiments (48 launchers). During the Dubai Airshow 2017 exhibition, representatives of the Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation officially confirmed that the Iskander-E missile system was delivered to one of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa region.[101][102] French defense writer Philippe Langloit wrote in the September–October 2017 issue of DSI magazine that Algeria had received 4 Iskander-E regiments.[103] It was confirmed by Kommersant magazine.[104]

Details

Specifications

  • Manufacturer: Votkinsk Machine Building Plant (Votkinsk) – missiles
    Production Association Barricades (Volgograd) – ground equipment
    KBM (Kolomna) – developer of the system
  • Launch range:
    • maximum: 500 km (Iskander-M, unofficial)
    • minimum: 50 km[117]
  • Accuracy:
    • 5–7 m with terminal phase DSMAC optoelectronic homing system (Iskander-M)[117]
    • 1–30 m 9K720[30][31]
  • Time to launch: up to 4 min from highest readiness, up to 16 min from march[117]
  • Interval between launches: less than a minute[117]
  • Operating temperature range: −50 °C to +50 °C[117]
  • Burnout velocity: ~2,100 m/s
  • Number of missiles:
    • on 9P78 launcher: 2
    • on 9T250 transloader: 2
  • assigned service life: 10 years
  • Crew: 3 (launcher truck)

System components

The full Iskander system includes[105]

  • missiles
  • transporter-erector-launcher vehicle (chassis of 8×8 MZKT-79306 ASTROLOG truck)[106]
  • Transporter and loader vehicle (chassis of 8×8 MZKT-79306 ASTROLOG truck)
  • Command and staff vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Information preparation station vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Maintenance and repair vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Life support vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Depot equipment set
  • set of equipment for TEL training class
  • set of equipment for CSV training class
  • Training posters
  • Training missile mock-up

Intended targets

The system is intended to use conventional warheads for the engagement of point and area targets, including:[107]

  • hostile fire weapons (missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery pieces)
  • air and missile defense weapons, aerodrome
  • fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft at airfields
  • command posts and communications nodes
  • troops in concentration areas
  • critical civilian infrastructure facilities

It is also capable of striking strongly protected targets, such as bunkers or hardened aircraft shelters[23]

See also

  • R-400 Oka
  • OTR-21 Tochka
  • B-611
  • DF-11
  • Fateh-110
  • MGM-52 Lance (retired in 1992)
  • Pluton (retired in 1993)
  • MGM-140 ATACMS
  • LORA
  • Hrim-2

Comparable missiles

  • Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
  • Hyunmoo-2 (may be based on the Iskander)
  • Hwasong-16? (may be based on the Iskander)

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/products/i/iskander.htm|title=Iskander M/E (SS-21 / SS-26)|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223204649/http://defense-update.com/products/i/iskander.htm|archive-date=2014-12-23|dead-url=yes|df=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://rnns.ru/14897-udarnaja-sila-raketnaja-pautina.html|title=Ударная Сила: Ракетная паутина (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 "Искандер" SS-26 "Stone") » RNNS.RU|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/theater/ss-26.htm|title=Iskander/SS-26|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-26-iskander/|title=Iskander (SS-26)|work=CSIS Missile Threat}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/archive/dmitriy-rogozin-iskandery-budut-razmescheny-v-kaliningrade10-11-2011-16-00-00/?sphrase_id=2017576|title=Дмитрий Рогозин: "Искандеры" будут размещены в Калининграде|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://military.tomsk.ru/blog/topic-185.html|title=MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.) - Статьи|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
7. ^1 Iskander / SS-26 specs GlobalSecurity Retrieved on 11-15-08
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://defence-blog.com/news/russian-officials-confirm-use-of-iskander-m-short-range-ballistic-missile-in-syria.html |title=Russian officials confirm use of Iskander-M short-range ballistic missile in Syria – Defence Blog |format= |website= |accessdate=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.pl/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=pl&ie=UTF-8&u=https://ria.ru/syria/20171222/1511520986.html?referrer_block=index_archive_8&edit-text=&act=url|title=Tłumacz Google|website=translate.google.pl}}
10. ^1 Минобороны пообещало полностью оснастить ракетные войска «Искандерами» RBC, 18 November 2016.
11. ^Artillery units of Russia will replace Tochka-U tactical missile with Iskander-M – Armyrecognition.com, 28 November 2016
12. ^1 2 3 4 9K720 Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone) – Program GlobalSecurity retrieved on 11-15-08
13. ^1 9K720 Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone) GlobalSecurity Retrieved on 11-15-08
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/world/20131217/185654740/NATO-Members-Alarmed-by-Russian-Nuclear-Missile-Deployment.html|title=NATO Members Alarmed by Russian Nuclear Missile Deployment|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
15. ^Ракетный комплекс "Искандер-М" получил новые типы ракет TASS, 14 September 2017.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/articles/19095|title=Великий воин и защитник "Искандер"|publisher=VPK|date=10 February 2014|language=ru}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.redstar.ru/index.php/newspaper/item/16112-raketnaya-era-nepobedimogo|title=Ракетная эра Непобедимого |author=Вероника Ушакова|date=2014-05-19|publisher=Krasnaya Zvezda|accessdate=2017-09-14|language=ru}}
18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://expert.ru/2014/02/11/rossiya-moderniziruet-iskander/|title=Россия модернизирует "Искандер"|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://vpk.name/news/116068_stoimost_operativnotakticheskogo_raketnogo_kompleksa_iskander_snizhena_prakticheski_na_tret.html?new|title=Стоимость оперативно-тактического ракетного комплекса "Искандер" снижена практически на треть |publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
20. ^https://www.armyrecognition.com/february_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/russia_has_more_ssc-8_cruise_missiles_than_expected_with_conflictual_range.html
21. ^{{cite web|author=Hans M. Kristensen |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2014/07/russia-inf/ |title=Russia Declared In Violation Of INF Treaty: New Cruise Missile May Be Deploying – Federation Of American Scientists |publisher=Fas.org |date=2014-07-30 |accessdate=2018-08-22}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kbm.ru/ru/production/otrk/37.html|title=Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс "Искандер-Э" - АО Научно-производственная корпорация "КБ Машиностроения"|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
23. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/iscander/iscander.shtml|title=Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 'Искандер' - Ракетная техника|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
24. ^SS-26 Stone Iskander 9M72 9P78E Ballistic missile system {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725054913/http://www.armyrecognition.com/derni_res_news/bienvenue_sur_joomla__3.html |date=July 25, 2010 }}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-26-iskander/|title=SS-26 (Iskander) – Missile Threat|publisher=CSIS}}
26. ^Iskander Missile System Retrieved on 11-18-08
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://rnns.ru/14897-udarnaja-sila-raketnaja-pautina.html|title=Ударная Сила: Ракетная паутина (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 "Искандер" SS-26 "Stone")|website=rnns.ru |date=25 October 2009 |accessdate=23 December 2014 |language=ru}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://arms-tass.su/?page=article&aid=125546&cid=25|title=ТАСС: Армия и ОПК|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/news/russia/economics/03-08-2018/141342-iskander-0/|title=Iskander missile complex can now strike sea targets|date=3 August 2018|publisher=}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://dokwar.ru/publ/vooruzhenie/pvo_i_rvsn/raketnyj_kompleks_quot_iskander_quot/16-1-0-82|title=Ракетный комплекс "Искандер"|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
31. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://vpk.name/library/f/9m723.html|title=- 9723|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2010/06/02/bijlage-verslag-onderzoeksmissie-storimans-kamerbrief-inzake-het-verslag-van-de-onderzoekscommissie-storimans |title=Bijlage: verslag onderzoeksmissie Storimans – Kamerbrief inzake het verslag van de onderzoekscommissie- Storimans|first=Ministerie van Buitenlandse|last=Zaken|website=www.rijksoverheid.nl |archive-url=https://archief06.archiefweb.eu/archives/archiefweb/20180228101951/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2010/06/02/bijlage-verslag-onderzoeksmissie-storimans-kamerbrief-inzake-het-verslag-van-de-onderzoekscommissie-storimans |archive-date=2018-02-28}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-kaliningrad-missile-crisis|title=The Kaliningrad Missile Crisis|first=Neil|last=Leslie|publisher=|accessdate=December 14, 2016}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.china.org.cn/international/photos/2008-11/06/content_16718295.htm|title=Russia to deploy missiles in Kaliningrad to counter US threat|date=November 6, 2008|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=April 2, 2010}}
35. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/obama-cancels-missile-defence-and-changes-transatlantic-politics/article1292073/ |location=Toronto |work=The Globe and Mail |title=Obama cancels missile defense and changes transatlantic politics |date=September 25, 2009}}
36. ^«Искандеры» подождут VZ.ru
37. ^[https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20090926/186483795.html Медведев решил не размещать "Искандеры" в Калининградской области] RIA Novosti, 26 September 2009.
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/20111129169142667/|title=Russia’s radar to counter missile shield, says Medvedev|agency=Sputnik}}
39. ^[https://lenta.ru/news/2013/12/15/iskander/ Россию заподозрили в размещении ракетных комплексов «Искандер» на границе с ЕС] Lenta.ru, 15 December 2013.
40. ^{{cite news|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/20131219185723285-Putin-Says-No-Iskanders-Deployed-in-Kaliningrad/|title=Putin Says No Iskanders Deployed in Kaliningrad|agency=Sputnik}}
41. ^[https://lenta.ru/news/2015/03/17/iskander/ В Калининградскую область перебросят «Искандеры»] Lenta.ru, 17 March 2013
42. ^{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/03/21/uk-poland-usa-missiles-idUKKBN0MH0N620150321|title=Poland and U.S. Army hold joint air defence exercises near Warsaw|agency=Reuters |accessdate=8 October 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2016/10/08/sure/|title=Минобороны подтвердило переброску "Искандера" под Калининград|publisher=}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-missiles-confirm-idUSKCN1280IV|title=Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles into Kaliningrad|date=8 October 2016|publisher=|via=Reuters}}
45. ^{{cite news |url=https://lenta.ru/news/2016/10/15/shaman/ |title=В Госдуме раскрыли цели переброски "Искандеров" под Калининград. |work=Lenta.ru |date=2016-10-15}}
46. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nato-missiles/russia-deploys-iskander-nuclear-capable-missiles-to-kaliningrad-ria-idUSKBN1FP21Y Russia deploys Iskander nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad: RIA] Reuters, 5 February 2017.
47. ^[https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20180205/1514006010.html В ГД подтвердили, что комплексы "Искандер" разместили под Калининградом] RIA Novosti, 5 February 2018.
48. ^[https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20180131/1513691588.html В Калининградской области завершили создание зоны под "Искандер-М"] RIA Novosti, 31 January 2018.
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/102653|title="Искандер" здесь, "Искандер" там|date=29 September 2009|publisher=}}
50. ^Москва планирует разместить ракеты "Искандер" в каждом военном округе
51. ^note other sources now place the brigade at Birobidzhan. http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/rbr/23rbr.htm and warfare.ru.
52. ^[https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/russian-missiles-natos-border Russian Missiles on NATO's Border] Stratfor.com, November 30, 2010
53. ^Lauren Goodrich (Stratfor analyst), Eurasia {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613142054/http://www.wikileaks.ch/gifiles/docs/1739377_-eurasia-fwd-insight-russia-iskander-missile-.html |date=June 13, 2013}} [Fwd: INSIGHT – RUSSIA – Iskander Missile], released by WikiLeaks, 27 February 2012
54. ^1 {{cite news|last=Harutyunyan|first=Sargis|title=Advanced Russian Missiles ‘Deployed In Armenia’|url=http://www.azatutyun.am/content/article/25005647.html|accessdate=22 June 2013|date=3 June 2013|agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}
55. ^«Искандеры» доехали до Армении Vedomosti, 18 September 2016.
56. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russian-forces-capable-of-being-nuclear-moving-to-crimea-nato-chief-says/|title=Russian forces "capable of being nuclear" moving to Crimea, NATO chief says|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en}}
57. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2014/12/04/mi-dobre-znaemo-pro-nayavnist-rosijskih-kompleksiv-iskander-na-teritorii-timchasovo-okupovanogo-krimu-general-major-oleksandr-rozmaznin/|title=«Ми добре знаємо про наявність російських комплексів „Іскандер“ на території тимчасово окупованого Криму», — генерал-майор Олександр Розмазнін|work=Міністерство оборони України|access-date=2018-03-17}}
58. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine/ukraine-military-say-russia-deploys-iskander-air-defense-missiles-in-crimea-374075.html|title=Ukraine military say Russia deploys Iskander air defense missiles in Crimea |date=2014-12-04|work=Kyiv Post|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en-US}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-nuclear-crimea-20141215-story.html|title=Russia says it has a right to put nuclear weapons in Crimea|last=Loiko|first=Sergei L.|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-03-17}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russia-threatens-deploy-nuclear-weapons-crimea-13013|title=Russia Threatens to Deploy Nuclear Weapons in Crimea|last=Keck|first=Zachary|website=The National Interest|language=en|access-date=2018-03-17}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/59182/iskander-missile-launcher-spotted-in-syria|title= Jeremy Binnie, London: "Iskander missile launcher spotted in Syria", IHS Jane's 360, 31 March 2016|publisher=}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/report-russias-dangerous-iskander-m-ballistic-missiles-are-18991|title=Report: Russia's Dangerous Iskander-M Ballistic Missiles Are Now in Syria|first=Dave|last=Majumdar|website=The National Interest}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/02/08/russia-sends-syria-its-largest-missile-delivery-to-date-us-officials-say.html|title=Russia sends Syria its largest missile delivery to date, US officials say|first=Lucas|last=Tomlinson|date=8 February 2017|publisher=Fox News}}
64. ^{{cite news |title=Russian Aviation in Syria Carried Out Up to 100 Sorties Per Day - Minister |url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201812171070747802-hmeymim-syria-russian-military/ |accessdate=5 February 2019 |work=Sputnik |date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}
65. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://expert.ru/2014/01/27/neulovimyij-raketnyij-mstitel/|title=Почему ОТРК "Искандер" так пугает наших соседей|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/iscander/iscander.shtml|title=Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс 9К720 'Искандер'|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://army-news.ru/images_stati/sostav_Iskander.jpg |title=Photo |website=army-news.ru |format=PDF}}
68. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://riafan.ru/486700-ne-smeshite-moi-iskandery-ssha-hotyat-nakazat-rf-za-nepravilnuyu-raketu-u-straha-glaza-veliki-ssha-grozyat-rf-sankciyami-za-zapreshennuyu-raketu|title=Не смешите мои "Искандеры": США хотят наказать РФ за "неправильную" ракету|publisher=riafan.ru|date=9 December 2015|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/russia-again-flight-tests-illegal-inf-cruise-missile/|title=Russia Again Flight Tests Illegal INF Cruise Missile|publisher=The Washington Free Beacon|date=28 September 2015|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2017/02/14/677664-ssha-rossiya|title=США: Россия получила ракету, нарушающую договор РСМД|publisher=Vedomosti|date=14 February 2017|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/articles/2017/02/17/no_such_missile/|title=Якобы развернута, будто бы нарушила|publisher=Lenta.ru|date=17 February 2017|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
72. ^http://tass.com/defense/1041360
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/news/russia/25-12-2015/132957-iskander_missile-0/|title=New ballistic missile created for Iskander tactical system|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
74. ^{{cite web|author=Sputnik |url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201709141057396387-iskander-missile-system-russia-inf/ |title=Iskander Systems Developer Takes INF Treaty Into Account When Creating New Arms – Sputnik International |publisher=Sputniknews.com |date=2017-09-14 |accessdate=2017-11-30}}
75. ^{{cite web|author=<%= item.timeFlag %> |url=http://tass.com/defense/965611 |title=Military & Defense – Iskander-M system gets new types of missiles — manufacturer |publisher=TASS |date= |accessdate=2017-11-30}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3342756|title=Чемезов: ракетные комплексы "Искандер" не пойдут на экспорт|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://defence-blog.com/news/iskander-missile-complexes-cannot-be-exported-under-russian-federal-law.html|title=New Russian "Iskander" missile complexes cannot be exported - Defence Blog|website=defence-blog.com}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/iskander.htm|title=Iskander (SS-26 Stone)|publisher=military-today.com|date=|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-832.html|title=Комплекс 9К720 Искандер - SS-26 STONE - Структура комплекса и хронология - MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.)|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/1118/172532235/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В войска Южного военного округа поступил второй бригадный комплект ОТРК "Искандер-М"|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
81. ^http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101214/161766995.html http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130212/179432505/Russian-Army-Chief-Visits-Missile-Academy.html
82. ^http://www.arms-expo.ru/049057054050124051051056055051.html http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131114/976887621.html
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131219/985060165.html|title=Южный военный округ получил комплексы "Искандер-М"|work=РИА Новости|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://topwar.ru/36249-po-prezhnemu-bogi-voyny.html|title=По-прежнему боги войны|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kbm.ru/ru/press-centre/420.html|title=НПК "КБМ" передала Минобороны третий комплект ОТРК "Искандер-М" для оснащения ракетной бригады|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
86. ^{{cite web|title=Ракетная бригада ЦВО перевооружена на новейшие оперативно-тактические ракетные комплексы "Искандер-М"|url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2014/1120/134026698/detail.shtml|date=20 November 2014|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://bmpd.livejournal.com/1388108.html |title=Сухопутные войска России получили шестой бригадный комплект "Искандеров-М" |last=bmpd |date=17 July 2015 |publisher= |accessdate=8 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225122045/http://bmpd.livejournal.com/1388108.html |archivedate=25 December 2015 |df= }}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/1118/120032221/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / АО "НПК «КБМ" сдало Минобороны РФ шестой бригадный комплект ОТРК "Искандер-М"|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/archive/iskander-nauchili-vzryvat-metro-po-fotografii-14-11-2011-16-44-00/?sphrase_id=2017576|title="Искандер" научили взрывать метро по фотографии|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://bmpd.livejournal.com/1988614.html#comments|title=20-я гвардейская ракетная бригада получила комплект ракетного комплекса "Искандер-М"|last=bmpd|date=29 June 2016|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/34004|title=Министр обороны подтвердил передачу "Искандеров" 41-й армии ЦВО - Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"|website=vpk-news.ru}}
92. ^{{cite news|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201707261055886057-russia-iskander-kalibr-missiles/|title=Russian Army Receives Iskander Missile System, Kalibr Cruise Missiles|agency=Sputnik News}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://bmpd.livejournal.com/2808187.html|title=Контракт на еще два бригадных комплекта оперативно-тактических ракетных комплексов "Искандер-М"|last=bmpd|website=bmpd.livejournal.com}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12139612@egNews |title=Russian Defence Ministry to receive two brigade sets of the Iskander-M tactic missile complexes : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |publisher=Eng.mil.ru |date=2017-08-24 |accessdate=2017-11-30}}
95. ^{{cite web|author=<%= item.timeFlag %> |url=http://tass.com/defense/976880 |title=Military & Defense – Russian troops receive brigade set of Iskander-M ballistic missile system |publisher=TASS |date= |accessdate=2017-11-30}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/armenia_will_receive_weapons_from_russia_under_a_$100_million_loan.html|title=Armenia will receive weapons from Russia under a $100 million loan - March 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry - Defense Security global news industry army 2018 - Archive News year|last=Administrator|website=www.armyrecognition.com}}
97. ^{{cite web|title=ARMENIA RECEIVES FIRST RUSSIA-MADE ISKANDER-M MISSILE SYSTEMS|url=https://southfront.org/armenia-receives-first-russia-made-iskander-m-missiles/|publisher=South Front|date=16 September 2016}}
98. ^{{cite news|title=СМИ: Армения получила российские комплексы "Искандер-М"|url=http://vz.ru/news/2016/9/16/832988.html|work=Vzglyad|date=16 September 2016|language=ru}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/221119/|title=Vedomosti: Russia shipped four Iskander missile systems to Armenia|publisher=}}
100. ^[https://ria.ru/interview/20170222/1488534644.html Виген Саркисян: "Искандеры" принадлежат Армении, управляем ими мы] RIA Novosti, 22 February 2017.
101. ^{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20171115/1508832294.html |title=Россия поставила ОТРК "Искандер-Э" в одну из стран Северной Африки |publisher=RIA Novosti |date=15 November 2017 |accessdate=17 November 2017}}
102. ^{{cite web|last1=Binnie|first1=Jeremy|title=Russian official says MENA country has Iskander-E missiles|url=http://www.janes.com/article/75755/|website=IHS Jane's 360|accessdate=18 November 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20171118114011/http://www.janes.com/article/75755/russian-official-says-mena-country-has-iskander-e-missiles|archivedate=18 November 2017|date=16 November 2017|deadurl=yes|df=}}
103. ^{{cite magazine |last=Langloit |first=Philippe |date= 22 November 2017 |title=Les Forces Armées Algériennes |url=http://www.areion24.news/produit/dsi-n-131/ |magazine= DSI Magazine |location=France |publisher=Centre d'analyse et de prévision des risques internationaux |pages=56–57 |access-date= }}
104. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3566087|title=Российское оружие удержало свое место|date=2018-05-03|work=Газета "Коммерсантъ"|access-date=2018-03-06|page=1}}
105. ^1 2 3 4 5 promotional CD of KBM
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/iskander.htm|accessdate=2011-05-15|title=Iskander (SS-26 Stone) Short-Range Ballistic Missile | publisher=Military-Today|date=2010-12-31}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://army.lv/ru/9k720/2663/505#info|title=9К720 "Искандер" - оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}

External links

{{Commons category|9K720 Iskander}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017091312/http://www.defense-update.com/products/i/iskander.htm SS-26 Stone @ Defense Update]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090131091220/http://en.rian.ru/img/118288575_free.html Infographics]
  • CSIS Missile Threat – SS-26 (Iskander)
{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SSM}}

7 : Ballistic missiles of Russia|Theatre ballistic missiles|Votkinsk Machine Building Plant products|KB Mashinostroyeniya products|Modern thermobaric weapons of Russia|Nuclear missiles of Russia|Post–Cold War weapons of Russia
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/30 4:19:52