| 词条 | Lillie Mae Bradford |
| 释义 |
| name = Lillie Mae Bradford | image = Lillie_Mae_Bradford.png | alt = Lillie Mae Bradford | caption = Lillie Mae Bradford | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|10|1}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|3|14|1928|10|1}} | death_place = Montgomery, Alabama | resting_place = Montgomery's Greenwood Serenity Memorial Gardens | nationality = American | other_names = | occupation = Civil rights activist | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }}Lillie Mae Bradford (October 1, 1928 – March 14, 2017)[1] was an American civil rights activist who, four years before Rosa Parks's more publicized action, performed an act of civil disobedience on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, for which she was arrested, on a charge of disorderly conduct.[2] Bradford's arrest, 1951On May 11, 1951, Bradford saw that the bus driver had punched her ticket for the wrong price, apparently "a costly and frequently recurring error if it was indeed an error". Bradford asked to be charged the correct price, and after being told twice to return to the back of the bus, she sat down in the front.[3] The 20-year-old was going home from her job caring for disabled white children. She had paid for a transfer on to another bus but, as often happened, the driver had punched it in the wrong place. If she did nothing about it she would have ended up paying for the mistake. She was held by police for disorderly conduct until a neighbor bailed her out. The arrest followed her throughout her life; she said it had prevented her several times from getting jobs she applied for.[4] In 2006, she commented, {{"'}}There was always a box that said: Do you have a criminal record?' she recalled. 'I went for federal clerk positions, and I would pass the tests, but I wouldn't get the job. That's when I came to the conclusion that it was because I had a police record.{{'"}}[5] Aftermath: pardon and Rosa Parks ActOn April 3, 2006, a proposal by Thad McClammy (a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives) to offer a formal pardon to civil rights activists was expected to appear before the Alabama Senate. There was some resistance to it: some activists did not want to be pardoned since, they said, they never committed any crimes to begin with.[5] The Rosa Parks Act was passed in April 2006, and allowed activists who had been arrested or their family members to request a pardon.[6] In 2007, when similar legislation in Tennessee was making it through the legislature, Bradford's arrest was invoked again: "Bradford, a retired school custodian, knows that having her record cleared now won't have any real effect, but she wants to apply for a pardon certificate anyway. 'I want to have it removed, frame it, and put it on the wall,' Bradford said. 'It will show I was arrested fighting for my rights.{{'"}}[7] Later life and deathBradford lived in the Ridgecrest neighborhood of Montgomery with her sister Helen,[5] and died in her sleep[4] on 14 March 2017;[8] she was buried at Montgomery's Greenwood Serenity Memorial Gardens, on March 22.[4] She was described as a "pioneer" of the Civil Rights Movement.[9] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/montgomeryadvertiser/obituary.aspx?n=lillie-mae-bradford&pid=184546270&fhid=5661|title=Lillie Mae Bradford|website=Legacy.com|access-date=23 March 2017|date=22 March 2017}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bradford, Lillie Mae}}2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqTZAAAAMAAJ |page=9 |isbn=9780335229307 |title=Social Justice|publisher=Open University Press|editor-first1=Janet|editor1-last=Newman|editor-first2=Nicola|editor2-last=Yates |year=2008}} 3. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.wbhm.org/feature/2006/pardoning-rosa-parks/|title=Pardoning Rosa Parks|first=Stevee|last=Chiotakis|accessdate=23 March 2017|date=28 April 2006|publisher=WBHM}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/local/alabama/2017/03/22/funeral-held-lillie-mae-bradford/99502822/|title='She was a fighter': Lillie Mae Bradford honored at service|newspaper=Montgomery Advertiser|first=Andrew J.|last=Yawn|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=23 March 2017}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/04/usa.julianborger|title=Civil rights heroes may get pardons|first=Julian|last=Borger|date=3 April 2006|accessdate=23 March 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-04-28/news/0604280121_1_pardons-rights-icon-rosa-parks-civil-rights|title=Rosa Parks Act sets stage for pardons|date=28 April 2006|accessdate=23 March 2017|newspaper=Chicago Tribune}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/070518/pardon.shtml|first=Lucas L.|last=Johnson II|title=South moving to pardon disobedience convictions|date=18 May 2007|accessdate=23 March 2017|agency=Associated Press}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Funeral held for Lillie Mae Bradford|url=http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/videos/news/local/2017/03/22/funeral-held-lillie-mae-bradford/99516044/|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=23 March 2017|newspaper=Montgomery Advertiser}} 9. ^{{cite news|publisher=WSFA|url=http://www.wsfa.com/story/34966420/pioneer-of-the-civil-rights-movement-passes-away|first=Sally|last=Pitts|title=Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement passes away|date=21 March 2017|accessdate=23 March 2017}} 5 : 1928 births|2017 deaths|Activists for African-American civil rights|20th-century African-American activists|Activists from Montgomery, Alabama |
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