1. Description and History

2. References

The Limburg Staurotheke (from Greek, stauros “cross” and theke “container”) is an example of a Byzantine reliquary. It was crafted sometime in the mid to late 10th century in Constantinople. The box measures 48 centimeters by 35 centimeters and has a depth of 6 centimeters. This reliquary design was common in Byzantium beginning in the 9th century.^[1] The Limburg Staurotheke is currently housed in Germany in the Limburg an der Lahn.

Description and History

The Limburg Staurotheke consists of two parts that were made at separate times. The removable, double-armed cross was made first and holds seven fragments of the True Cross in the middle of the cross where its main set of arms meets.^[2] The cross is made out of sycamore wood and is entirely covered in gilded silver and embellished with gemstones and pearls. Inscribed on the back of the cross is the following verse:^[3]

gushing forth through it the energies of life.

And Constantine and Romanos the emperors

have with the addition of radiant stones and pearls

made this same full of wonder.

Upon it Christ formerly smashed the gates of hell,

giving new life to the dead.

And the crowned ones who have now adorned it,

crush with it the temerities of the barbarians

The two emperors mentioned in the inscription are Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos and Romanos II, his son. They ruled jointly from 945 to 959, meaning that the cross would have been constructed during their rule.

The box and its sliding, removable lid were made second and is designed to hold the cross reliquary in the center of the box. Surrounding the cross are ten enamel panels that depict angels wearing court outfits. Next to the angels are 10 more panels that each depict a pair of either cherubim or seraphim. The panels depicting the cherubim and seraphim are the containers that hold ten relics and each compartment has an inscription that identifies the relic housed inside. Six relics are Passion relics and are ascribed to Christ, three to the Virgin Mary, and one to John the Baptist. The relics in the compartments of the theke are:

• The swaddling clothes of Jesus
• The sponge used to give Christ water during his crucifixion
• The crown of thorns worn by Christ during his crucifixion
• The winding sheet Christ was wrapped in while in his tomb
• The towel used by Christ to wash the feet of his Apostles during the Last Supper
• The purple himation worn by Christ during his crucifixion (mentioned in John 19:2)
• The belt of the Virgin Mary from Chalkoprateia
• The belt of the Virgin Mary brought from Zela
• The maphorion of the Virgin Mary
• Locks of hair from St. John the Baptist

The lid of the box, like the cross and inner compartments of the theke, is covered in gilded silver and lavishly decorated with gemstones. It features nine enamel panels that portray the Deesis, a scene that depicts Christ in a throne, accompanied by the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist and surrounded by angels. On the lid of the Limburg Staurotheke, Christ is seen in the middle panel, with John the Baptist to his left and the Virgin Mary to his right. The archangels Gabriel and Michael stand next to John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary. The top and bottom panels portray the twelve Apostles. On an outer border framing the panels are the busts of eight unidentified figures, though they are likely images of four military saints and four important church leaders.^[4] The theke itself features an inscription on the outer rim that states:^[5]

and yet, even in death, Christ surpassed all beauty.

While He had no comely form, He embellished my

unsightly face disfigured by sin and transgression.

For, though He was God, He suffered in mortals’ nature.

Since Basil the Proedros highly revered Him,

he greatly embellished the box of the wood,

on which He was stretched and embraced all creation.

The inscription reveals that Basil Lekapenos was the benefactor of the staurotheke. Basil was the bastard son of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos and was made a eunuch likely as a child. He would become a powerful figure in the imperial court. Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas gave him the title of proedros in 963. The theke was likely made between 963 and 985, when Basil was exiled from the imperial court.^[6]

References

• Tau-1 Arietis
• Tau1 Arietis
• Tau1 Capricorni
• Tau1 Gruis
• Tau1 Gruis b
• Tau2 Aquarii
• Tau-2 Aquarii
• Tau-2 Arietis
• Tau2 Arietis
• Tau2 Capricorni
• Tau2 Eridani
• Tau4 Eridani
• Taua
• Tau-a
• Tau a
• Tau Airport
• Tauala
• Tauala elongata
• Tau Andromedae
• Tau Aquarii
• Tau Aquilae
• Tauari
• Tau Arietis
• Tau Aurigae
• Taub