1. Cave
     Cave formations  

2. History

3. Location

4. References

5. Further reading

6. External links

Lipa Cave (Montenegrin: Lipska pećina) is a karst cave situated close to Cetinje in the Skopska Crna Gora mountains of Montenegro,^[1] with a system of about {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} of passages and halls. It is one of the largest caves in Montenegro. It's the first cave in Montenegro which is opened for tourists, after the project of cave's valorisation, on which worked Municipality of Cetinje and 'Lipa Cave' company.

Cave

Lipa Cave is one of the largest caves in Montenegro. It is a karst cave with a system of about {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} of passages and halls.^[2] The difference in elevation between the highest and the lowest point in the cave system is more than {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}.^[3] In 2015, a total of {{convert|3512|m|ft|abbr=on}} of the cave had been explored and surveyed. Part of the cave contains an underground river.^[4] It starts close to the village of Lipa and stretches into the mountains by the Adriatic Sea.^[5] The temperature in the cave is {{convert|8|-|12|°C|°F}}.^[2]

Lipa Cave is first and only cave in Montenegro accessible for group visits.^[3] It is maintained through a partnership between private enterprise and the municipality.^[4][5] In the territory of Cetinje, there are more than 1,000 speleological objects, of which the most significant are Lipa Cave, Obod Cave and Cetinje Cave. Of these, Lipa Cave has the longest passages and greatest number of preserved cave formations. Most of the caves in the area are covered with snow and ice for the most part of the year, making Lipa Cave the most noted.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

Cave formations

The cave is rich in cave formations—stalactites, stalagmites and stalagnates (pillars)^[14][1][9]—with many being found in a small space. Some of the most significant stalactites are spaghetti, popcorn, crocodile, and curtain formations. Some of the most significant stalagmites are totem and gral formations.^[17]

History

Exploration of the cave began in the 19th century;^[10] a more extensive survey of the cave was made during the late 20th century.^[4] During the Austrian occupation in the early 20th century, the cave had a strategic importance, with Austrian soldiers widening the entrance to gain access to drinking water.^[11] The historical significance of the cave is noted by the many researchers that have visited it in the past, including

• Austen Henry Layard – English researcher who visited the cave in 1839^[12] and gave the first written mention of it^[1]
• Wilhelm Ebel – German scientist visiting Montenegro in 1841
• Pavel Rovinski – Russian geographer, ethnographer and scientist, in 1887^[12]
• Édouard-Alfred Martel - founder of modern speleology, in 1894

Location

The cave is located in Lipa Dobrska, a small settlement overlooking Dobrsko Selo in the Old Royal Capital Cetinje municipality. The entrance of the cave is {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Cetinje city. The exit leading to the cave is just about {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Cetinje, on the Cetinje–Podgorica road, next to the Belvedere viewpoint.^[13] There is a parking lot for vehicles, from which visitors can take a train.^[6]

References

Further reading

• {{cite journal|first=Joe|last=Duxbury|date=2004|title=Montenegro 2004|journal=Chelsea Speleological Society|volume=46|issue=11 November 2004|pages=97–101, illus, map}}

External links

• Management plan with pictures for the protected Lipska cave

• Helmholtz flow
• Helmholtzian
• Helmholtz Institute Jena
• Helmholtz layer
• Helmholtz (Martian crater)
• Helmholtz Medal
• Helmholtz Prize
• Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation
• Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen
• Helmholz reciprocity
• Helmia
• Helmichthys diaphanus
• Helmic, Texas
• Helmien Rambaldo
• Helmig
• Helmi Loussaief
• Helminda
• Helminda pilipennis
• Helminen
• Helminger
• Helmingham and Coddenham Ward
• Helming Leget
• Helmin Magno Wiels
• Helminthia
• Helminthic