词条 | List of Device Forts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|places={{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.805412|long=1.010532 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Brightlingsea Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.68834|long=-1.95826 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Brownsea Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.82|long=-1.3075 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Calshot Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.93305|long=0.73248 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Camber Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.21854|long=1.4039 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Deal Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.35980|long=-4.16719 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Devil's Point Artillery Tower}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.68213|long=-5.12424 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=East and West Blockhouses}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.76657|long=-1.2765 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=East Cowes Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.4650|long=0.432 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=East Tilbury Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.44463|long=0.37277 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Gravesend Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.232089|long=1.402035 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Great Turf Bulwark}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.212342|long=1.4005788 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Great White Bulwark of Clay}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.94822|long=1.28707 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Harwich blockhouses}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.45243|long=0.44695 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Higham Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=53.74339|long=-0.326679 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Hull Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.70644|long=-1.55117 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Hurst Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.93867|long=1.32083|mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Langar Point}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.95992|long=1.31458 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Langar Rode}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.14407|long=-5.04210 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Little Dennis Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.225806|long=1.4015720 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Little Turf Bulwark}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.79674|long=1.00343 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Mersea Fort}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.44348|long=0.38008 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Milton Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.87732|long=-1.3598 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Netley Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.1460|long=-5.04659 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Pendennis Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.56823|long=-2.44678 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Portland Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.85145|long=-1.32091 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=St Andrew's Castle, Hamble}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.32822|long=-4.64444 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=St Catherine's Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.70604|long=-1.09834 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=St Helens Bulwark}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.15544|long=-5.04659 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=St Mawes Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.80101|long=1.01971 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=St Osyth Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.65669|long=-1.14691 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.70669|long=-1.52145 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Sharpenrode Bulwark}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.59535|long=-2.46099|mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Sandsfoot Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.07353|long=1.14882 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Sandgate Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.23843|long=1.40222 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Sandown Castle, Kent}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.77805|long=-1.08888 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Southsea Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.206059|long=1.4001156 |mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=Walmer Bulwark}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.20056|long=1.40203|mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Walmer Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.76653|long=-1.30111|mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=West Cowes Castle}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=51.45238|long=0.37357|mark=Steel pog.svg |marksize=10 |link=West Tilbury Blockhouse}}{{Location map~ |England|label= |label_size=86 |position=right |lat=50.70663|long=-1.50016|mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=15 |link=Yarmouth Castle}} }} The Device Forts, also known as Henrician castles and blockhouses, were a series of artillery fortifications built to defend the coast of England and Wales by Henry VIII.[2]{{efn|In the 16th century, a variety of terms were used to describe these fortifications, including "blockhouses", "bulwarks", "castles" and "fortresses". Modern historians have also used different terms to describe and analyse the fortifications: B. Morley, for example, distinguishes between "Henrician castles" and "Henrician blockhouses"; Peter Harrington between the "castles/forts" and "blockhouses"; Andrew Saunders distinguishes between the "castles", "forts" and "blockhouses", but stresses the breadth of the Device programme across England and Wales.[3]}} They ranged from large stone castles, to small blockhouses and earthwork bulwarks.[4] Armed with artillery, the forts were intended to be used against enemy ships before they could land forces or attack vessels lying in harbour.[5] The castles were commanded by captains appointed by the Crown, overseeing small garrisons of professional gunners and soldiers, who would be supplemented by local militia in an emergency.[6] The Device programme was hugely expensive, costing a total of £376,000, much of it raised from the proceeds of the Dissolution of the Monasteries.[7]{{efn|name=Money19thC|Comparing 16th-century costs and prices with those of the modern period depends on the price comparison used. £376,000 in 1546 could be worth between £2,159 million and £67,260 million in 2015 terms, depending on the measure used.[8]}} The fate of the Device Forts over the coming years varied.[9] Some of the defences were left to deteriorate and were decommissioned only a few years after their construction.[10] Others were kept in service and used during the English Civil War, the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Napoleonic Wars and, upgraded with more modern artillery and defences, throughout the 19th century.[11] By 1900, however, developments in guns and armour had made most of the Device Forts that remained in service simply too small to be practical in modern coastal defence.[12] Despite being brought back into use during the First and Second World Wars, by the 1950s those fortifications still in use were considered redundant and finally decommissioned.[13] Coastal erosion over the centuries had extensively damaged or completely destroyed some sites, but others have been restored and opened to the public as tourist attractions.[14] Details
Notes{{notelist|notes=}}References1. ^{{harvnb|Morley|1976|pp=8–9}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=11}}; {{harvnb|Walton|2010|p=70}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Morley|1976||pp=8–9}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=3, 8}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|pp=37, 40}} 4. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=20–33}}; {{harvnb|Morley|1976|pp=8–10}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|pp=37–38}} 5. ^{{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=37}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=47}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=37–39}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Hale|1983|pp=70–71}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/ |title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present |author1=Lawrence H. Officer |author2=Samuel H. Williamson |mode=cs2 |date=2014 |accessdate=29 May 2015 |publisher=MeasuringWorth}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=53}} 10. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=53–54}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Morley|1976|pp=37–41}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=53–55}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Coad|2006|pp=103–104, 109–110}}; {{harvnb|Coad|2013|p=18}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=45}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=225}} 14. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=56}}; {{harvnb|Crane|2012|p=2}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=229676|title=St Andrew's Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 2 August 2015}}; {{harvnb|Spurgeon|Brooke|1996|p=122}}; {{harvnb|Tapete|Bromhead|Ibsen|Casagli|2013|p=456}}; {{harvnb|Harris|1980|p=54}}; {{cite web | url=https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/impact-07-10/impact07-10.pdf/ | title=Historic Environment Commissions Report: Impact| page =15| mode = cs2|date = 2011| accessdate=7 April 2016 | publisher=English Heritage}}; {{cite web | url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1013832 | title=Tudor Blockhouse 300m South of Mersea Stone| mode = cs2| accessdate=7 April 2016 | publisher=Historic England}}; {{harvnb|Symonds|1914|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Groves|1879|pp=22–23}}; {{harvnb|Norman|1920|p=34}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020062|title=Sandsfoot Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|access-date=27 December 2015}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=461607|title=East Cowes Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=470–471}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1122.html|title=Brightlingsea|publisher=Gatehouse Gazette|author=Philip Davis|mode=cs2|accessdate = 9 April 2016}} 16. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=33}}; {{harvnb|Sydenham|1839|pp=387–390}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=51}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/dorset/vol2/pp276-283|accessdate = 13 July 2015|title=Studland|date=1970|publisher=British History Online|author=Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England)|mode=cs2}}; {{harvnb|Garnett|2005|p=23}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1302351|title=Calshot Castle|publisher=Historic England|access-date=10 October 2015|mode=cs2}}; {{harvnb|Coad|2013|pp=11, 24}}; {{harvnb|Coad|2006|p=112}} 18. ^{{harvnb|Biddle|Hiller|Scott|Streeten|2001|pp=1, 35, 41}} 19. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Rutton|1898|pp=26–27}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=38}}; {{harvnb|Ashton|1994|p=442}}; {{harvnb|O'Neill|1985|pp=9–10}}; {{harvnb|Coad|2000|pp=32–34}}; {{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1956/may/01/deal-castle|title=Deal Castle|publisher=Hansard|date=1 May 1956|mode=cs2|access-date=26 June 2016}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=437592|title=Devils Point Artillery Tower|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}}; {{cite web|url=http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1129960|title=List Entry|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}} 21. ^{{harvnb|Crane|2012|p=2}}; {{cite web|url =http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/103035/details/EAST+BLOCKHOUSE%2C+ANGLE/|title=East Blockhouse, Angle|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales|mode=cs2|accessdate=10 May 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=461607|title=East Cowes Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}} 23. ^{{harvnb|Smith|1980|pp=347}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1974|pp=142–143, 148, 150}}; {{cite web|url=http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1013943|title=List Entry|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate=17 May 2015}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=1378614|title=East Tilbury Blockhouse|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate=17 May 2015}} 24. ^{{harvnb|Thompson|Smith|1977|p=153}}; {{cite web|url=http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1005120|title=Gravesend Blockhouse|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 16 May 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://webapps.kent.gov.uk/KCC.ExploringKentsPast.Web.Sites.Public/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MKE16651|title=Coastal Defences of Henry VIII- Earthen Bulwarks|publisher=Kent County Council|access-date=18 May 2016|mode=cs2}} 26. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=457, 459, 462, 464–465}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://webapps.kent.gov.uk/KCC.ExploringKentsPast.Web.Sites.Public/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MKE16651|title=Coastal Defences of Henry VIII- Earthen Bulwarks|publisher=Kent County Council|access-date=18 May 2016|mode=cs2}} 28. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=457, 459, 462, 464–465}} 29. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|p=470}}; {{cite web | url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1018958 | title=Beacon Hill Fort: a late 19th and 20th century coastal artillery fortification| mode = cs2| accessdate=7 April 2016 | publisher=Historic England}} 30. ^{{harvnb|Smith|1980|pp=347}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1974|pp=142–143, 148}} 31. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|p=475}}; {{harvnb|Howes|Foreman|1999|pp=12, 19, 27}}; {{harvnb|Hirst|1895|p=32}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/east/vol1/pp412-418#fnn54|title=Fortifications|publisher=British History Online|author=K. J. Alison|date=1969|mode=cs2|access-date=12 June 2016}} 32. ^{{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Coad|1985|pp=68–69, 74–75}}; {{harvnb|Coad|1990|pp=23, 29}}; {{harvnb|Kenyon|1979|pp=72, 76}} 33. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=470–472}}; {{harvnb|Hale|1983|p=66}} 34. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=470–471}} 35. ^{{cite web|url =http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1270099|title=Little Dennis Blockhouse|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate=10 May 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://webapps.kent.gov.uk/KCC.ExploringKentsPast.Web.Sites.Public/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MKE16651|title=Coastal Defences of Henry VIII- Earthen Bulwarks|publisher=Kent County Council|access-date=18 May 2016|mode=cs2}} 37. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=457, 459, 462, 464–465}} 38. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|p=470}}; {{cite web | url=https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1013832 | title=Tudor Blockhouse 300m South of Mersea Stone| mode = cs2| accessdate=7 April 2016 | publisher=Historic England}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.merseamuseum.org.uk/mmresdetails.php?tot=64&col=MM&pid=COR2_020&typ=all&rt=Article&syn=all&ord=dtadd&wds=&hit=79 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406174849/http://www.merseamuseum.org.uk/mmresdetails.php?tot=64&col=MM&pid=COR2_020&typ=all&rt=Article&syn=all&ord=dtadd&wds=&hit=79 |title=The Tudor Fort at East Mersea |publisher=Mersea Museum |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-date=6 April 2016 |mode=cs2}}; {{cite web | url=https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/impact-07-10/impact07-10.pdf/ | title=Historic Environment Commissions Report: Impact| page =15| mode = cs2|date = 2011| accessdate=7 April 2016 | publisher=English Heritage}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol9/pp264-269 | title=Fishery| author1 = A. Baggs | author2 = Beryl Board | author3= Philip Crummy | author4 = Claude Dove | author5 = Shirley Durgan | author6 = N. Goose | author7 = R. Pugh | author8 = Pamela Studd | author9 = C. Thornton | editor1 = Janet Cooper | editor2 = C. Elrington | mode = cs2|date = 1994| accessdate=7 April 2016 | publisher=British History Online | pages = 264–269| work = A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester}} 39. ^{{harvnb|Smith|1980|pp=347, 349, 357–358}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1974|pp=143, 148}} 40. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=50}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.demon.co.uk/3132.htm |title=Netley Castle, Hampshire | author=Michael Heaton|publisher=Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants |access-date=18 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925012850/http://www.archaeology.demon.co.uk/3132.htm| archive-date =25 September 2006|mode = cs2}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol3/pp472-478|title=Parishes: Hound with Netley|publisher=British History Online|editor=William Page|date=1908|access-date=18 August 2015|mode = cs2}}; {{cite web |url=http://research.hgt.org.uk/item/netley-castle/ |title=Netley Castle|publisher=Hampshire Garden Trust |access-date=18 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818105334/http://research.hgt.org.uk/item/netley-castle/| archive-date =18 August 2015|mode = cs2}} 41. ^{{harvnb|Pattison|2009|pp=8, 41–48}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/properties/pendennis-castle/school-visits/Pendennis-Tourism-Teachers-Info.pdf|title=Pendennis Castle|publisher=English Heritage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127174933/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/properties/pendennis-castle/school-visits/Pendennis-Tourism-Teachers-Info.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2015 |mode=cs2|access-date=27 November 2015}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.visitengland.com/sites/default/files/final_report_tcm30-27368.pdf|title=Visitor Attractions, Trends in England, 2010|publisher=Visit England|author=BDRC Continental|date=2011|page=65|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919095224/https://www.visitengland.com/sites/default/files/final_report_tcm30-27368.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2015 |mode=cs2|access-date=19 September 2015}} 42. ^{{harvnb|Lawson|2002|pp=3, 27–28, 30, 32}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Chapple|2014|p=84}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=229676|title=St Andrew's Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate=17 May 2015}}; {{harvnb|Kenyon|1979|p=75}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1013664|title=List Entry|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/st-catherines-castle/history/|title=History of St Catherine's Castle|publisher=England Heritage|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1429217|title=St Catherine's Castle Coastal Battery|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}}; {{harvnb|Leland|1907|pp=202–203}}; {{harvnb|Chandler|1996|p=43}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=1394142|title=St Helens Bulwark|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}} 46. ^{{harvnb|Pattison|2009|pp=20, 43}}; {{harvnb|Jenkins|2007|pp=153, 161–163}} 47. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=470–471}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1169.html|title=St Osyth Blockhouse|publisher=Gatehouse Gazette|author=Philip Davis|mode=cs2|accessdate = 9 April 2016}} 48. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=8, 31–32}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol5/pp156-170|editor=William Page|date=1912|title=Parishes: Brading|publisher=British History Online|mode=cs2|accessdate = 20 June 2015}}; 49. ^{{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=51}}; {{harvnb|Hale|1983|p=90}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=459492|title=Fort Victoria|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|accessdate = 26 May 2015}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/dorset/vol2/pp330-374#p47|title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 2, South East|publisher=British History Online|author=RCHME|date=1970|pages=330–374|access-date=27 December 2015|mode=cs2}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020062|title=Sandsfoot Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|access-date=27 December 2015}}; {{harvnb|Barrett|1910|pp=208–209}}; {{harvnb|Symonds|1914|p=33}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/dorset/vol2/pp330-374#p47|title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 2, South East|publisher=British History Online|author=RCHME|date=1970|pages=330–374|access-date=27 December 2015|mode=cs2}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1020062|title=Sandsfoot Castle|publisher=Historic England|mode=cs2|access-date=27 December 2015}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1061237|title=Sandgate Castle|publisher=Historic England|access-date=26 November 2015|mode = cs2}}; {{harvnb|Harris|1980|pp=74, 81}}; {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|1973|p=55}}; {{harvnb|Rutton|1893|p=253}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.dover-express.co.uk/Burglar-fails-break-Geoffrey-Boot-s-Sandgate/story-11997199-detail/story.html |title=Burglar Fails to Break into Geoffrey Boot's Sandgate Castle Home|publisher=Dover Express |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119182920/http://www.dover-express.co.uk/Burglar-fails-break-Geoffrey-Boot-s-Sandgate/story-11997199-detail/story.html |archive-date=19 November 2015 |mode=cs2}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.chad.co.uk/news/local/colourful-past-of-new-mhk-baron-boot-1-7462204#axzz3qtBJz2s6 |title=Colourful Past of new MKH Baron Boot|publisher=Chad |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119183246/http://www.chad.co.uk/news/local/colourful-past-of-new-mhk-baron-boot-1-7462204 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |mode=cs2}} 52. ^{{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=21}}; {{harvnb|Rutton|1898|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=38}}; {{harvnb|Elvin|1890|p=226}}; {{harvnb|Lewis|1884|p=177}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.dover.gov.uk/Environment/Coast--Rivers/Coast-Protection/Coastal-Defences.aspx|title=Coastal Defences|publisher=Dover District Council|access-date=26 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626093224/http://www.dover.gov.uk/Environment/Coast--Rivers/Coast-Protection/Coastal-Defences.aspx| archive-date =26 June 2015}} 53. ^{{harvnb|Hale|1983|pp=77, 90}}; {{harvnb|Corney|1968|pp=7, 15, 17–19, 22}}; {{harvnb|Brooks|1996|pp=14, 17}}; 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://webapps.kent.gov.uk/KCC.ExploringKentsPast.Web.Sites.Public/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MKE16651|title=Coastal Defences of Henry VIII- Earthen Bulwarks|publisher=Kent County Council|access-date=18 May 2016|mode=cs2}} 55. ^{{harvnb|Colvin|Ransome|Summerson|1982|pp=457, 459, 462, 464–465}} 56. ^{{harvnb|Rutton|1898|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|2007|pp=21, 51}}; {{harvnb|Coad|2008|pp=31–32}}; {{harvnb|Fry|2014|pp=11–12, 15}} 57. ^{{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=42}}; {{cite web|url =http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/276037/details/WEST+BLOCKHOUSE+FORT/|title=West Blockhouse, Dale|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales|mode=cs2|accessdate=10 May 2015}} 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1267310|title=List Entry|publisher=Historic England|access-date=26 June 2015|mode = cs2}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.rys.org.uk/about/cowes-castle/|title=Cowes Castle|publisher=Royal Yacht Squadron|access-date=26 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406233416/https://www.rys.org.uk/about/cowes-castle/| archive-date =9 April 2015|mode = cs2}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.rys.org.uk/about/cowes-castle/|title=Cowes Castle|publisher=Royal Yacht Squadron|access-date=26 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406233416/https://www.rys.org.uk/about/cowes-castle/| archive-date =9 April 2015|mode = cs2}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.rys.org.uk/about/the-castle/|title=The Castle|publisher=Royal Yacht Squadron|access-date=26 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406184048/https://www.rys.org.uk/about/the-castle/| archive-date =6 April 2015|mode = cs2}}; {{harvnb|Saunders|1989|p=41}}; {{harvnb|Finley|1994|p=1}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/~/media/royal%20navy%20responsive/documents/events/d%20day%2070/13_472%20nhb%20operation%20neptune%20d_day%20book.pdf|title=Operation Neptune|publisher=NHB|access-date=26 June 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630185110/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/~/media/royal%20navy%20responsive/documents/events/d%20day%2070/13_472%20nhb%20operation%20neptune%20d_day%20book.pdf| archive-date =30 June 2015|pages=7–8|mode = cs2}} 59. ^{{harvnb|Saunders|1960|p=172}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1980|pp=347}}; {{harvnb|Smith|1974|pp=142–143, 148–149, 153–154}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|2007|p=61}} 60. ^{{harvnb|Rigold|2012|pp=4, 11, 13}} Bibliography
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