词条 | List of Dolmens |
释义 |
This is an incomplete list of dolmens, a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb widely distributed across Northern Europe, especially Northern France and the British Isles. Dolmen sitesAsiaKoreaKorean dolmens exhibit a morphology distinct from the Atlantic European dolmen.[1][2][2] The largest concentration of dolmens in the world is found on the Korean Peninsula. With an estimated 35,000 dolmens, Korea alone accounts for nearly 40% of the world’s total.[3][4] The largest distribution of these is on the west coast area of South Korea, an area that would eventually become host to the Mahan confederacy and be united under the rule of the ancient kingdom of Baekje at one time. Three specific UNESCO World Heritage sites at Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa ( Hwasun – {{Coord|34.9775414|126.931551|display=inline}}) by themselves account for over 1,000 dolmens.[5] The Korean word for dolmen is goindol ({{hangul|고인돌}}) "supported stone".[6] Serious studies of the Korean megalithic monuments were not undertaken until relatively recently, well after much research had already been conducted on dolmens in other regions of the world. Since 1945, new research has been conducted by Korean scholars. In 1981 a curator of National Museum of Korea, Gon'gil Ji, classified Korean dolmens into two general types: northern and southern.[6] The boundary between them falls at the Bukhan River although examples of both types are found on either side. Northern style dolmens stand above ground with a four sided chamber and a megalithic roof (also referred to as "table type"), while southern style dolmens are normally built into the ground and contain a stone chest or pit covered by a rock slab.[1][2] Korean dolmens can also be divided into three main types: the table type, the go-table type and the unsupported capstone type.[1] The dolmen in Ganghwa is a northern-type, table-shaped dolmen and is the biggest stone of this kind in South Korea, measuring {{convert|2.6|by|7.1|by|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[6] There are many sub-types and different styles.[7] Southern type dolmens are associated with burials but the reason for building northern style dolmens is uncertain.{{sfn|Holcombe|2011|p=79}} Due to the vast numbers and great variation in styles, no absolute chronology of Korean dolmens has yet been established. It is generally accepted that the Korean megalithic culture emerged from the late Neolithic age, during which agriculture developed on the peninsula, and flourished throughout the Bronze Age.[8] Some dolmens depict astronomical formations, dated up to 3000 B.C. effectively the first star-chart in the world.[9] How and why Korea has produced so many dolmens are still poorly understood. There is no current conclusive theory on the origin of Korea's megalithic culture, and so it is difficult to determine the true cultural character of Korean dolmens. Some dolmens are also found in Manchuria and the Shandong Peninsula. Off the peninsula, similar specimens can be found in smaller numbers, but they are often considerably larger than the Korean dolmens.[10] It is a mystery why this culture flourished so extensively only on the Korean peninsula and its vicinity in Northeast Asia.[1] India
Caucasus{{See also|Dolmens of North Caucasus|Dolmens of Abkhazia}}Over 3,000 dolmens and other structures can be found in the North-Western Caucasus region in Russia, where more and more dolmens are discovered in the mountains each year. These dolmens are related to the Maykop culture. This great city of dolmens was built along the shores of the Black Sea from Maykop down to Sochi. The inhabitants were metal workers. The dolmens were vaults or safes of stone, with a narrow circular entrance that could be tapped with a round screw of stone. Supposedly the dolmens were used to hide and protect metal objects: gold, silver, bronze, jewels and some other treasure. Trade of these objects was done with Persia, Assyria, Egypt and Crete. The Dolmen City was pillaged and sacked by Scythian invaders in the early first millennium BC. The metal workers were enslaved.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Middle EastDolmens can be found in Israel, Syria, Iran and Jordan. Numerous large dolmens are in the Israeli National park at Gamla and some of dolmens can be viewed in the meshkin shahr at shahr yeri or pirazmian.[12][13] There are many examples of flint dolmens in the historical villages of Johfiyeh and Natifah in northern Jordan. The greatest number of dolmens are around Madaba, like the ones at Al Faiha village, {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west of Madaba city.[14] Two dolmens are in Hisbone, and the most have been found at Zarqa Ma'in at Al-Murayghat, which are being destroyed by gravel quarries.[15] In Turkey, there are some dolmens in the Regions of Lalapasa and Suloglu in the Province of Edirne and the Regions of KOfcaz, Kirklareli and Demirkoy in the Province of Kirklareli, in the Eastern Thrace. They have been studied by Prof. Dr. Engin Beksaç, since 2004. And also, some of so-called monuments are in the different regions of Anatolia, in Turkey. AfricaHorn of AfricaIn northern Somalia, the town of Aw Barkhadle is surrounded by a number of ancient structures. Among these are dolmens, burial mounds, menhirs (standing stones), and stelae.[16] North AfricaIn northern Tunisia, Dougga is an important ancient site, which contains a necropolis with dolmens. The settlement also features a sanctuary dedicated to Ba'al Hammon, neo-Punic stelae, the mausoleum, architectural fragments, and a temple dedicated to Masinissa, the remains of which were found during archaeological excavations. EuropeOverviewMegalithic tombs are found from the Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea coasts south to Spain and Portugal. Hunebedden are chamber tombs similar to dolmens and date to the middle Neolithic (Funnelbeaker culture, 4th millennium BC). They consist of a kerb surrounding an oval mound, which covered a rectangular chamber of stones with the entrance on one of the long sides. Some have a more complex layout and include an entrance passage giving them a T-shape. Various menhirs and dolmens are located around the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo. Pottery uncovered in these structures allowed the attribution of the monuments to the Ġgantija and Mnajdra temples culture of the early Neolithic Age.[17]Dolmen sites fringe the Irish Sea and are found in south-east Ireland, Wales, Devon and Cornwall. In Ireland, most dolmens are found on the west coast, particularly in Connemara and the Burren, which includes some of the better-known examples, such as Poulnabrone dolmen. Examples such as the Annadorn dolmen have also been found in Northern Ireland, where they may have co-existed with the court cairn tombs. In Mecklenburg and Pomerania/Pomorze in Germany and Poland, and in Drenthe in the Netherlands, large numbers of these graves were disturbed when harbours, towns, and cities were built.The boulders were used in construction and road building. Others, such as the Harhoog, in Sylt, were moved to new locations. There are still many thousands left today in Europe. By 2017, all the hunebedden in the Netherlands were put in a 3D atlas (accessible to the public for free) using photogrammetry. The data was obtained from a collaboration between the Province of Drenthe and the University of Groningen, subsidized by the Gratama Foundation.[18] {{See also|Dolmens of Western Pomerania}}Sites
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Holcombe|first1=Charles|title=A history of East Asia : from the origins of civilization to the twenty-first century|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-521-51595-5|page=79|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHeb7wQu0xIC&pg=PA79&dq=dolmen+in+korea+europe&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlgYKZqabLAhUGKpQKHXqaAGcQ6AEITDAH#v=onepage&q=dolmen%20in%20korea%20europe&f=false|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 2. ^1 Joussaume, Roger Dolmens for the Dead Batsford Ltd (Jan 1988) {{ISBN|978-0-7134-5369-0}} p. 141–142 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Jensen Jr.|first1=John|title=Earth Epochs: Cataclysms across the Holocene|publisher=John Jensen|page=276|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfxiCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA276&dq=dolmen+in+korea+40%25&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF77CEo6bLAhXDKZQKHbVBBtMQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&q=dolmen%20in%20korea%2040%25&f=false|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Meyerhoff|first1=Janusz|title=Misteryous Megalithic Structures|date=2013|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1-304-65092-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr1TCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42&dq=dolmen+in+korea+40%25&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF77CEo6bLAhXDKZQKHbVBBtMQ6AEINjAE#v=onepage&q=dolmen%20in%20korea%2040%25&f=false|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 5. ^UNESCO World Heritage List. "Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites." http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/977 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Sarah Milledge|title=The archaeology of Korea|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-40783-4|page=147|edition=Asian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sANORB_MSRUC&pg=PA147&dq=dolmen+in+korea&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0ncOupqbLAhWHKJQKHS6UDGEQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=dolmen%20in%20korea&f=false|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 7. ^Megalithic Cultures in Asia, Kim Byung-mo, 1982, Hanyang University Press 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Sarah Milledge|title=The Archaeology of Northeast China: Beyond the Great Wall|date=2012|isbn=978-1-134-81659-0|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVWKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=dolmen+in+korea+bronze+age&hl=ko&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi17q3Aq6bLAhWIKJQKHd0SDtEQ6AEIODAE#v=onepage&q=dolmen%20in%20korea%20bronze%20age&f=false|accessdate=4 March 2016}} 9. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160924011040/http://optik2.mtk.nao.ac.jp/~somamt/gendai3/004-014HJYang.pdf 10. ^Joussaume, Roger Dolmens for the Dead Batsford Ltd (Jan 1988) {{ISBN|978-0-7134-5369-0}} p. 280 11. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.krishnagiri.tn.nic.in/tourism.htm |title=Krishnagiri District Website |publisher= Krishnagiri.tn.nic.in |date=|accessdate=2013-03-15}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=30954|title=Gamla Dolmen field|first=The Megalithic Portal and Megalith|last=Map|publisher= Andy Burnham}} 13. ^Oldest archaeological org in Israel: http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1164&mag_id=115 14. ^{{cite web|title=Madaba dolmens|id={{YouTube|pdI37Izo4UM}}}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Where have all the dolmens gone?|id={{YouTube|X5qv06H7AwA}}}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Phillip|title=Somaliland|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1-84162-371-7|page=98|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC}} 17. ^Journal of European Archaeology (JEA), 5 (1997); Emilia Pásztor and Curt Roslund: Orientation of Maltese dolmens. 18. ^[https://sketchfab.com/gia/collections/de-hunebedden-in-nederland 3D atlas] 19. ^{{cite book | author=Edward Frederick Knight |title=Albania: A Narrative of Recent Travel – Primary Source Edition|publisher=Blackstaff Press | page=257}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/france/contribution.html |title=The Scandinavian Contribution in Normandy |publisher=Viking.no |date=|accessdate=2013-03-15}} 21. ^{{cite book | last=Weir|first= A| year=1980 |title=Early Ireland. A Field Guide | publisher=Blackstaff Press | location=Belfast | page=101}} 22. ^Salvatore Piccolo, Ancient Stones, op. cit. 23. ^Salvatore Piccolo, ibidem, pages 13 onwards. 24. ^Dolmens in the Netherlands 25. ^https://www.visitdartmoor.co.uk/explore-dartmoor/arts-and-literature/folklore Bibliography
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