| 释义 |
- Timeline 19th century 20th century
- See also
- References
African Americans have been violently expelled from at least 50 towns, cities and counties in the United States. The majority of these expulsions occurred in the 60 years following the Civil War but continued to occur until 1954. The reasons for the expulsions were various and often involved a crime allegedly committed by an African American or a labor-related issue.[1][2] Timeline {{incomplete list|date=March 2019}} 19th century | Date | Location | Notes |
|---|
| 1870s - 1940s | Wyandotte, Michigan | African Americans were expelled from Wyandotte on multiple occasions.[3] | | April 13, 1873 | Pollock, Louisiana | Colfax massacre}} The small black population of Pollock left the town after the massacre of more than 100 blacks in nearby Colfax. | | November 1, 1878 | Celina, Tennessee | Celina's black population left on November 1, 1878 after being subject to a series of violent actions over the course of several months.[3] | | 1886 | Comanche County, Texas | White residents expelled blacks from Comanche County because alleged crimes committed by black men.[4] | | 1888 - 1908 | Paragould, Arkansas | A number of race riots occurred in Paragould between 1888 and 1908, resulting in most of the town 150 black residents leaving.[5] | | 1892 | Lexington, Oklahoma | [6] | | 1893 | Blackwell, Oklahoma | [6] | | June 20, 1894 | Monett, Missouri | Monett's black population was expelled after the lynching of a black man who killed a white man during a fight. The Monett expulsion was the first of number of violent expulsions in Southwestern Missouri between 1894 and 1906.[7] | | 1896 | Linton, Indiana | 300 black strikebreakers were expelled from the coal mining town of Linton after one of the strikebreakers shot a white boy. Eventually blacks were banned from living in all of Greene County.[8]. | | August 27, 1897 | Elwood, Indiana | [9] | | April 10, 1899 | Pana, Illinois | Pana riot}} Gun battle between striking white miners and strikebreaker black miners results in the deaths of five blacks and two whites as well as the expulsion of Pana's black population. | | September 17, 1899 | Carterville, Illinois | A violent shootout occurred between striking white miners and non-union black miners who were brought into Carterville as strikebreakers. Five black miners are killed. All the surviving black miners left Carterville shortly after the riot.[10] |
20th century | Date | Location | Notes |
|---|
| February 20, 1901 | Mena, Arkansas | Most of Mena's black population left the town after a black man named Peter Berryman was lynched for allegedly assaulting a white girl.[11] | | August 18, 1901 | Pierce City, Missouri | Pierce City, Missouri#1901 lynchings}} 300 black residents are expelled after white residents lynched three black men for allegedly killing a white woman. | | June 1902 | Decatur, Indiana | A mob of 50 men forced black residents out of Decatur.[12] | | April 16, 1903 | Joplin, Missouri | White residents drove out Joplin's black residents following the lynching of a black transient for the murder of a white policeman.[13] | | July 9, 1903 | Sour Lake, Texas | A mob of 500 white men opened fire on blacks and chased them out of Sour Lake after a brakeman was shot dead by a black man.[14] | | October 1905 and January, 1909 | Harrison, Arkansas | Race riots in 1905 and 1909 resulted in the expulsion of Harrison's black residents.[15] | | August 24, 1906 | Cotter, Arkansas | [16] | | 1908 | Marshall County, Kentucky | Whites led by a local doctor drove out blacks from the now extinct city of Birmingham and most of the rest of Marshall County.[2] | | November 1909 | Anna and Jonesboro, Illinois | Whites expel Anna and Jonesboro's 40 black families after the lynching of William "Froggie" James in nearby Cairo.[17] | | September 1912 | Forsyth County, Georgia | 1912 Racial Conflict of Forsyth County, Georgia}} 98% of Forsyth County's 1,000 black residents are expelled after two attacks on white women allegedly committed by black men. | | July 1917 | East St. Louis, Illinois | East St. Louis Race Riots}} The East St. Louis riots or East St. Louis massacres, of late May and July 1-3, 1917 were an outbreak of labor- and race-related violence by whites that caused the death of 40-250 black people and about $400,000 (over $8 million, in 2017 US Dollars ) in property damage. An estimated 6,000 black people were left homeless. | | Fall 1919 | Corbin, Kentucky | 200 black workers were forced to leave Corbin during a labor dispute.[18] | | November 2-3, 1920 | Ocoee, Florida | Ocoee massacre}} Ocoee's black community was burned to the ground and nearly all of its 500 residents killed or expelled by whites after black men killed two whites in self defense. At least 56 blacks were killed during the massacre. | | May 31, 1921 | Tulsa, Oklahoma | Tulsa race riot}} As many 300 black people were killed and 10,000 left homeless after whites attacked and destroyed the Greenwood district of Tulsa, known as "Black Wall Street". | | January 1923 | Rosewood, Florida | Rosewood massacre}} Whites attack and completely burn down the black Levy County town of Rosewood after a black man allegedly raped a white woman. At 8 people and perhaps as many 150 people were killed. | | 1923 | Blanford, Indiana | Ku Klux Klan led expulsion.[2] | | 1954 | Vienna, Illinois | White residents burned down all the black homes of Vienna and nearby areas outside city limits. The expulsion was sparked by the murder of an elderly white woman and the attempted rape of her teenage granddaughter by two black men.[1] | |
See also- Sundown town, a town that excludes African Americans from living in it. Many towns went sundown after expelling black populations though most sundown towns did not have significant black populations to begin with. A partial listing is available at Category:Sundown towns in the United States.
References1. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Loewen |first1=James |title=Sundown Towns |date=2005 |publisher=New Press |location=New York |isbn=156584887X |url=https://sundown.tougaloo.edu/content/sundown-introduction.pdf}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web |last1=Jaspin |first1=Elliot |title=Leave or die: America’s hidden history of racial expulsions |url=https://www.statesman.com/news/20161014/leave-or-die-americas-hidden-history-of-racial-expulsions |website=statesman.com |publisher=Austin American-Statesman |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=TENNESSEE NEGROES DRIVEN FROM THEIR HOMES |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1878-11-04/ed-1/seq-1/ |website=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov |publisher=The Evening Star |accessdate=April 1, 2019}}
4. ^{{cite news|work=Belmont Chronicle|location=St. Clairsville, Ohio|date=August 5, 1886|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29070659/|via=Newspapers.com}}
5. ^{{cite web |title=Paragould Race Riots |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=8446 |website=encyclopediaofarkansas.net |publisher=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
6. ^1 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805114730/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/S/SE006.html |date=2011-08-05 }}
7. ^{{cite encyclopedia|title=Southwest Missouri Riots (1894–1906)|work=Encyclopedia of American Race Riots|volume=2|editor1-first=Walter|editor1-last=Rucker|editor2-first=James Nathaniel|editor2-last=Upton|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=603–607|isbn=978-0-313-33302-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-mKwbU0XlEC&pg=PA603|via=Google Books}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=One Place on Earth too Hot for a Negro|work=The Richmond Climax|location=Richmond, Kentucky|date=August 5, 1903|page=2|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069162/1903-08-05/ed-1/seq-2/|via=Chronicling America|
9. ^{{cite news|title=Race Troubles in Indiana|work=The Evening Times|location=Washington, D.C.|date=August 27, 1897|page=5|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024441/1897-08-27/ed-1/seq-5/|via=Chronicling America}}
10. ^{{cite news |title=Bloodshed at Carterville |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18911978/1899_bloodshed_at_carterville_3/ |accessdate=April 6, 2019 |publisher=Carbondale Free Press |date=September 23, 1899}}
11. ^{{cite web |title=Peter Berryman (Lynching of) |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=8495 |website=encyclopediaofarkansas.net |publisher=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |accessdate=April 1, 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=NEGROES DRIVEN AWAY.; The Last One Leaves Decatur, Ind., Owing to Threats Made. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/07/14/archives/negroes-driven-away-the-last-one-leaves-decatur-ind-owing-to.html |website=nytimes.com |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=LYNCHING OF A COLORED MAN IN JOPLIN, MISSOURI |url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=LAL19030417-01.2.29&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN--------0- |website=coloradohistoricnewspapers.org |publisher=Las Animas Leader |accessdate=April 16, 1903}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Race War in Texas: Negroes Are Being Driven From Sour Lake|work=The Times-Democrat|location=New Orleans, Louisiana|date=July 10, 1903|page=9|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29386926/|via=Newspapers.com|}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Harrison Race Riots of 1905 and 1909 |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3712 |website=encyclopediaofarkansas.net |publisher=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Cotter Expulsion of 1906 |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=13837 |website=encyclopediaofarkansas.net |publisher=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
17. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Wexler |first1=Laura |title=Darkness on the Edge of Town |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102001715.html |website=washingtonpost.com |publisher=Washington Post |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
18. ^{{cite web |title=Kentucky Town Re-Examines Its Racial History |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7772527 |website=npr.org |publisher=NPR |accessdate=March 29, 2019}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Expulsions, African Americans}} 4 : Ethnic cleansing in the United States|Racially motivated violence against African Americans|White American riots in the United States|White supremacy in the United States |