“List of gomphothere fossils in South America”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

List of gomphothere fossils in South America

释义

Gomphothere fossil finds
Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela
Proposed reclassification
Evolution
Gallery
See also
Notes and references
Notes References Publications South America Publications Argentina Publications Bolivia Publications Brazil Publications Chile Publications Colombia Publications Ecuador Publications Paraguay Publications Peru Publications Uruguay Publications Venezuela Publications proposed reclassification

{{Location map+ | South America
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, as reported
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Cuvieronius hyodon
C. tropicus
Haplomastodon sp.
H. chimborazi
H. guayasensis
H. waringi
cf. Notiomastodon (platensis)
Stegomastodon sp.
S. platensis
S. superbus
S. waringi
Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = -28.592333
| lon_deg = -59.050749
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = T
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

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| lat_deg = -0.303867
| lon_deg = -78.409641
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 8

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -0.089766
| lon_deg = -78.447534
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 8

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

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| lat_deg = -0.224994
| lon_deg = -78.405473
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 8

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -0.132258
| lon_deg = -78.439671
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 8

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

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| lat_deg = -0.117639
| lon_deg = -78.313584
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 8

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| lat_deg = -12.595480
| lon_deg = -76.675125
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = P
| position = left
| lat_deg = -32.200141
| lon_deg = -54.059114
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = {{white|V}}
| position = left

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| lat_deg = 11.498986
| lon_deg = -69.522225
| mark = Greenandorange pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = T
| position = right
}}

This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the Middle Miocene (approximately 12 million years ago) to the Holocene (6000 years BP).

The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.^[1]

An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] listed below.

{{col-float}}Original classification

Gomphotheriidae
- Cuvieroniinae
- Cuvieronius {{small|(Osborn 1923)}}
- C. arellanoi {{small|(Ochoterena & Silva 1970)}}
- C. hyodon (=C. humboldti) {{small|(Fischer 1814)}} (type)
- C. priestleyi {{small|(Hay & Cook 1930)}}
- C. tarijensis {{small|(Cabrera 1929)}}
- C. tropicus {{small|(Cope 1884)}} (=C. oligobunis {{small|(Cope 1893)}})
- Haplomastodon {{small|(Hoffstetter 1950)}}
- H. chimborazi {{small|(Proaño 1922)}}
- H. guayasensis {{small|(Hoffstetter 1952)}}
- H. waringi {{small|(Holland 1920)}} (type)
- Notiomastodon {{small|(Cabrera 1929)}}
- N. ornatus (=S. platensis)
- N. platensis {{small|(Mothé et al. 2012)}} (type)
- N. vidali {{small|(Castellanos 1948)}}
- Stegomastodon {{small|(Pohlig 1912)}}
- S. mirificus {{small|(Leidy 1858)}} (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (type)
- S. platensis {{small|(Ameghino 1888)}}
- S. primitivus {{small|(Osborn 1936)}} (=S. rexroadensis)
- S. superbus {{small|(Casamiguela et al. 1996)}}
- S. waringi {{small|(Hoffstetter 1950)}}

{{col-float-break}}Proposed reclassification

Cuvieronius {{small|(Osborn 1923)}}
- C. hyodon {{small|(Fischer 1814)}} (type)
Notiomastodon {{small|(Cabrera 1929)}}
- N. platensis {{small|(Mothé et al. 2012)}} (type)

{{col-float-end}}{{Location map+ | South America
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in South America, reclassification by Mothé et al^[6]
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Cuvieronius hyodon
Notiomastodon platensis
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = -28.592333
| lon_deg = -59.050749
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = T
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

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| lat_deg = -0.303867
| lon_deg = -78.409641
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 8

  }}  {{Location map~ | South America

| lat_deg = -0.089766
| lon_deg = -78.447534
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| lat_deg = -0.224994
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| mark = White pog.svg
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| lat_deg = -0.132258
| lon_deg = -78.439671
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| lat_deg = -0.117639
| lon_deg = -78.313584
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 8

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| lat_deg = -12.595480
| lon_deg = -76.675125
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = P
| position = left
| lat_deg = -32.200141
| lon_deg = -54.059114
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = {{white|V}}
| position = left

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| lat_deg = 11.498986
| lon_deg = -69.522225
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 8 = T
| position = right
}}

Gomphothere fossil finds

Formations are ordered according to their youngest age

Argentina

{{Location map+ | Argentina
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Argentina
Notiomastodon (cf) platensis
Stegomastodon sp.
S. platensis (TL)
S. superbus
S. waringi
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = -28.592333
| lon_deg = -59.050749
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = T
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | Argentina

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| lat_deg = -31.965867
| lon_deg = -64.621970
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = O
| position = left
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Urundel Fm.	Quebrada del Aguay, Salta	596\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[2]}}
	Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero	194\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon platensis	^[3] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Santa Clara Fm.	Santa Clara del Mar, Mar Chiquita Partido, Buenos Aires	1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon platensis	^[4]}}
	San Nicolás de los Arroyos, Buenos Aires	10\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	*Stegomastodon platensis* (TL 1)	^[4] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
Yupoi Fm.	Arroyo Toropí-Level 3, Bellavista, Corrientes	61\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[5]^[6]}}
	Luján Fm.	Luján, Buenos Aires	21\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon superbus	^[7]^[8]}}
	Luján Fm.	Playa del Barco, Monte Hermoso, El Conglomerado, Cascada Paleolama, Pehuen Có, Buenos Aires	1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	*Stegomastodon platensis* (TL 2)	^[9]^[10] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Aviá Terai, Chaco	102\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon platensis	^[11]^[12]}}
	Barranqueras, Chaco	49\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[11]^[13]}}
	Charata, Chaco	100\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp., Stegomastodon cf. platensis	^[11]^[14]}}
	Castelli, Chaco	100\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon cf. platensis	^[11]^[15]}}
El Palmar Fm.	Estancia El Palmar, Entre Ríos	29\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon platensis	^[16]^[26] ^[17]^[18]}}
	Punta Piedras, Punta Indio, Buenos Aires	1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[19]}}
	Río Carcarañá, Río Tercero, Santa Fe	65\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Mastodon sp.	^[20]^[21] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Bajada de Santa Fe, Entre Ríos	12\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[21]}}
	Pampa de Olaen, Córdoba	900\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	cf. Notiomastodon platensis	^[22]}}
	Arroyo Feliciano Fm.	San José de Feliciano, Entre Ríos	50\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[23]^[24]}}
	Tapalqué, Buenos Aires	95\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[23]}}
	Arroyo Perucho Verna Fm.	Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos	27\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[23]}}
	Charbonier Fm.	Valle de Los Reartes, Córdoba	870\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon platensis ("=Notiomastodon sp.")	^[25]}}
	Tafí del Valle Fm.	Tafí del Valle, Tucumán	2000\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[26]}}

Bolivia

{{Location map+ | Bolivia
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Bolivia
Cuvieronius hyodon (="C. andinum")
Notiomastodon platensis
Stegomastodon sp.
Cuvieronius, Notiomastodon & Stegomastodon
| places =
| lat_deg = -21.531667
| lon_deg = -64.731111
| mark = Yellow-brown-blue dot.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = T
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | Bolivia

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| lat_deg = -21.274799
| lon_deg = -63.483829
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = VM
| position = bottom
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Río Rujero, Tarija	1718\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[27]}}
	Ulloma Fm.	Río Desaguadero, Ulloma, Oruro	3880\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[28]^[29]}}
	Anzaldo, Cochabamba	3038\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius sp.	^[30]}}
	Betanzos Basin, between Potosí and Sucre	3390\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[31]}}
	Valle de Carohuaycho, between Camiri and Charagua	1080\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius "andinum"	^[28]}}
	Chiquitos	167\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius "andinum"	^[32]}}
	Villa Montes, Tarija	413\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Notiomastodon platensis	^[33]}}
Ñuapua Fm.	Ñuapua 1, Chuquisaca	595\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[34]^[35]}}
Tarija Fm.	Tarija, Tarija	973\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Notiomastodon sp., Stegomastodon sp.	^[36] ^[37]^[38]}}

Brazil

{{Location map+ | Brazil
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Brazil
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Haplomastodon sp.
H. chimborazi
Notiomastodon platensis
Stegomastodon waringi
Haplomastodon & Notiomastodon
Haplomastodon & Stegomastodon
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = -8.986364
| lon_deg = -38.238169
| mark = Yellow ffff80 pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label =
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | Brazil

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| lat_deg = -10.933463
| lon_deg = -69.641737
| mark = Red pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = Ac
| position = bottom
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina, Baixa Grande, Bahia	400\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[39]^[54] ^[40]}}
Garrincho, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí	390\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[41] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao, São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí	300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp.	^[42]^[43] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Gruta dos Brejões, Morro do Chapéu, Bahia	500\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[44]^[45]}}
	Toca dos Ossos, Ourolândia, Bahia	770\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[44]^[46]}}
	Fazenda Suse II, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia	900\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[47]}}
	Janaúba, Minas Gerais	580\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[44]^[48]}}
	Gruta do Ingá, Pains, Minas Gerais	700\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[49]^[50] ^[51] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Poté, Minas Gerais	560\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[44]^[52]}}
	Lapa do Caetano, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais	685\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[53] ^[54]^[55] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Lajedo de Escada, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte	122\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi ("= Notiomastodon platensis")	^[56]^[57]}}
	Caverna do Japonês & Nascente do Formoso, Serra da Bodoquena, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul	373\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[44]^[58] ^[59]}}
	Picos II, Piranhas, Alagoas	255\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Notiomastodon platensis	^[60]}}
	Touro Passo Fm.	Touro Passo Creek, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul	52\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[61]}}
Aguas do Araxá, Minas Gerais	973\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon waringi, Stegomastodon waringi	^[62] ^[63]^[64] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Inajá Fm.	Inajá, Pernambuco	355\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[65]}}
	Inajá Fm.	Lage Grande, Pesqueira, Pernambuco	740\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi, Notiomastodon vidali	^[85]^[86] ^[66]^[67] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Roçado & Quixabinha, Petrolândia, Pernambuco	320\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp.	^[68]}}
	Santa Cruz do Capibaribe & Panelas, Pernambuco	440\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp. (="Stegomastodon")	^[68]^[69]}}
	Águas Belas & Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco	360\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[70]}}
	Lagoa das Pedras, Salgueiro, Pernambuco	430\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon waringi	^[70]^[71]}}
	Lagoa Lajinha, Petrolina, Pernambuco	390\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi "(=H. waringi)"	^[70]}}
	Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco	470\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp. "(=Haplomastodon sp.)", S. waringi, Notiomastodon platensis	^[72]^[73] ^[74]}}
	Jirau & João Cativo, Itapipoca, Ceará	65\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Notiomastodon platensis	^[73]}}
	Taguara/Araras, Nova Mamoré & Porto Velho, Rondônia	150\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Notiomastodon platensis	^[73] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Sitio Novo, Matina, Bahia	490\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Notiomastodon platensis	^[75]}}
	Vitória da Conquista, Bahia	950\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Notiomastodon platensis	^[75]}}
	Fazenda Caraíba, Coronel João Sá, Bahia	266\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi, Notiomastodon platensis	^[76]^[77]}}
	Serro do Gronda, Espírito Santo	25\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[78]}}
	Taperoá, Paraíba	530\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp.	^[79]}}
	Upper Ribeira, São Paulo	360\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[80]^[81]}}
Solimões Fm.	Río Acre, Acre	274\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Amahuacatherium peruvium	^[82]}}

Chile

{{Location map+ | Chile
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Chile
Cuvieronius hyodon
Stegomastodon sp.
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = -22.261698
| lon_deg = -68.343428
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = RS
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | Chile

  }}  {{Location map~ | Chile

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| lat_deg = -33.540563
| lon_deg = -70.843530
| mark = SpringGreen pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = T
| position = right
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Taguatagua, O'Higgins	206\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	^[83]^[111] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Tierras Blancas & Los Vilos, La Ligua, Valparaíso	943\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	^[83]^[111] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Parral, Cauquenes, Maule	150\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83]}}
	San Pablo de Tramalhué, Pilauco Bajo, Osorno	14\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Río Bueno, Valdivia	10\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83]}}
	Paredones & Colchagua	55\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83]}}
	Alto de Boroa, Temuco	131\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83]}}
	Limahuida, Río Choapa	282\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83]}}
	Casablanca	313\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[83]}}
	Chillán	138\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[84]}}
	Monte Verde	59\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	C. hyodon (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	^[83]^[111] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Lagunillas, Valparaíso	212\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	cf. hyodon	^[83]}}
	Catapilco, La Ligua	103\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	cf. hyodon	^[83]}}
	Marchigüe, Colchagua	170\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[85] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	El Trebal 1, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region	424\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon platensis	^[86]}}
	Río Salado 1, Chiu Chiu	3012\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[87]}}
	Quebrada Quereo Fm.	Quereo	20\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]^[88]}}
	Malloco, Santiago	482\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
	Algarrobo	5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
	Melipilla	269\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
	Cerrillos, Santiago	516\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
	Chorro de la Vieja, Colchagua	1813\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
	Cachagua	5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
	Estero de Coyanco, Laja	121\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[83]}}
Las Pozas/Chacabuco	695\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	C. tropicus (rev. Stegomastodon sp.)	^[85]^[89] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}

Colombia

{{Location map+ | Colombia
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Colombia
Haplomastodon sp.
H. chimborazi
H. waringi
Stegomastodon sp.
S. waringi
Cuvieronius & Haplomastodon
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = 6.244747
| lon_deg = -75.574828
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = M
| position = left

  }}  {{Location map~ | Colombia

  }}  {{Location map~ | Colombia

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| lat_deg = 4.61
| lon_deg = -76.078333
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = Tr
| position = left
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Quaternary alluvium	Yumbo, Valle del Cauca	855\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[90]^[91]}}
Quaternary alluvium	Turbaná, Bolívar	80\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[92]^[93] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe\|Reclassified as Notiomastodon platensis by Mothé et al. (2015)^[94]}}}}
Sabana Fm.	Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Pubenza & Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna, Cundinamarca	2600\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi	^[90]^[146] ^[95]^[96] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Curití, Santander	1400\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[97]^[98]}}
	Soatá Fm.	Soatá, Boyacá	1950\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon waringi	^[99]^[100] ^[101]^[102]}}
	Rotinet Fm.	Rotinet, Repelón, Atlántico	8\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon waringi	^[103]^[104] ^[105]}}
Tocaima, Cundinamarca	432\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon waringi	^[106]^[107] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
Arboleda, Nariño	2170\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp.	^[90] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Mercaderes, Cauca	1170\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp.	^[90]}}
	El Remolino, Taminango, Nariño	1470\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp.	^[90] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Toro, Valle del Cauca	970\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[90]}}
	Medellín, Antioquia	1500\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	El Cocuy, Boyacá	2750\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Duitama, Boyacá	2600\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Sáchica, Boyacá	2150\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[108]}}
	Socotá, Boyacá	2440\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Tunja, Boyacá	2820\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Villa de Leyva, Boyacá	2150\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Salamina, Caldas	1820\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca	1750\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[109]}}
	Carrizal, Uribia, La Guajira	53\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja, Huila	430\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Cúcuta, Norte de Santander	320\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[110]}}
	Pamplona, Norte de Santander	2340\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Agualinda, Lebrija, Santander	1050\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[108]}}
	Vélez, Santander	2050\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Ibagué, Tolima	1280\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Ortega, Tolima	2680\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	La Victoria, Valle del Cauca	900\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}
	Zarzal, Valle del Cauca	900\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[90]}}

Ecuador

{{Location map+ | Ecuador
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Ecuador
Cuvieronius hyodon (TL)
Haplomastodon chimborazi
H. guayasensis
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = 0.230380
| lon_deg = -78.175738
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = I
| position = left

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}   {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

| lat_deg = -0.303867
| lon_deg = -78.409641
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

| lat_deg = -0.089766
| lon_deg = -78.447534
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

| lat_deg = -0.224994
| lon_deg = -78.405473
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

| lat_deg = -0.132258
| lon_deg = -78.439671
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

| lat_deg = -0.117639
| lon_deg = -78.313584
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

  }}  {{Location map~ | Ecuador

| lat_deg = 0.529448
| lon_deg = -77.905296
| mark = Orange pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = QP
| position = top
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils
Tablazo Fm.	Río Cañas, Montecristi, Manabí	100\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[111]^[112]}}
Imbabura, Imbabura	3200\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	*Cuvieronius hyodon* (TL)	^[113]}}
	Region de La Paz, Carchi	2690\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[115]}}
	Hacienca Pucará, Carchi	3000\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[116]}}
	Calderón/Carapungo, Quito, Pichincha	2630\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[117]}}
	Alangasí, Quito, Pichincha	2539\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[118] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Punín, Chalán, Chimborazo	2994\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[119] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Tumbaco, Pichincha	2360\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[120]}}
	Llano Chico, Quito, Pichincha	2610\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[121]}}
	Quebrada La Tola, Quito, Pichincha	2343\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[122]}}
	Checa, Pichincha	2520\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[114]^[123]}}
	La Carolina, Santa Elena	5\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon guayasensis	^[114]^[124] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Tanque Loma, Santa Elena	21\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet. (cf. N. platensis)	^[125]}}
	Quebrada Pistud, Bolívar, Carchi	2760\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi	^[126] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Baños, Cuenca	2760\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[127]}}

Paraguay

{{Location map+ | Paraguay
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Location of gomphothere fossil finds in Paraguay
cf. Notiomastodon
Stegomastodon sp.
| places =
| lat_deg = -25.1
| lon_deg = -57.566667
| mark = Green pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = G
| position = top

  }}  {{Location map~ | Paraguay

| lat_deg = -23.822757
| lon_deg = -57.234862
| mark = Brown pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = P
| position = right
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes	55\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[128]^[129] ^[130]^[131] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
General Bruguer/Riacho Negro, Presidente Hayes	Puerto Santa Rosa, San Pedro	72\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	cf. Notiomastodon	^[132]}}

Peru

{{Location map+ | Peru
| AlternativeMap = Peru physical map.svg
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Peru
Amahuacatherium peruvium
Cuvieronius hyodon
Stegomastodon sp. "=Haplomastodon"{{small|^[214]}}
S. waringi
| places =
| lat_deg = -11.100502
| lon_deg = -69.797568
| mark = Red pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = CC
| position = right

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

  }}  {{Location map~ | Peru

| lat_deg = -12.595480
| lon_deg = -76.675125
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = P
| position = left
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils
La Brea, Talara, Piura	3\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[133]^[134]}}
	Cupinisque Desert, La Libertad	2\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[133]}}
	Ocucaje, Ica	500\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[133]}}
	Quebrada El Jahuay, Arequipa	1\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[133] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	La Huaca, Piura	17\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[133] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Ayusbamba, Cuzco	3500\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Cuvieronius hyodon	^[135]}}
	Quipan, Canta, Lima	2200\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[136] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Pasamayo Quarry, Lima	10\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[137]}}
Sacaco 2, Arequipa	750\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[138]^[139]}}
Sacaco 2, Arequipa	Celendín, Cajamarca	2500\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[133]^[140]}}
Madre de Dios Fm.	Cerro Colorado, Madre de Dios	300\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Amahuacatherium peruvium	^[141]}}

Uruguay

{{Location map+ | Uruguay
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Uruguay
Stegomastodon waringi
| places =
| lat_deg = -32.200141
| lon_deg = -54.059114
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = {{white|V}}
| position = left

  }}  {{Location map~ | Uruguay

| lat_deg = -34.752942
| lon_deg = -56.267021
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = C
| position = bottom
}}

Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils	Notes
Dolores Fm.	Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo	105\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[142]^[143] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
Dolores Fm.	Casil Quarry, Montevideo	17\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon waringi	^[144]^[145] ^[146]}}

Venezuela

{{Location map+ | Venezuela
| relief = 1
| width = 330
| caption = Locations of gomphothere fossil finds in Venezuela
?Cuvieronius sp.
Haplomastodon chimborazi
H. sp. &/= Stegomastodon waringi
Stegomastodon sp.
Gomphotheriidae indet.
| places =
| lat_deg = 6.576740
| lon_deg = -66.197924
| mark = White pog.svg
| marksize = 12
| label = MG
| position = bottom

  }}  {{Location map~ | Venezuela

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Age	Formation	Location	Present elevation	Fossils
Cucuruchú, Barquisimeto	566\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon chimborazi ("=Stegomastodon")	^[147]^[235]}}
	Taima-Taima, Falcón	40\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Haplomastodon sp., (=)Stegomastodon waringi	^[235]^[148] ^[149] ^[150]^[151] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	San Miguel, Lara	998\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	?Stegomastodon sp.	^[152]}}
	Quíbor, Lara	694\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	?Stegomastodon sp.	^[152]}}
	Quebrada de Guadalupe, Lara	590\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[152]}}
	San Juan de los Morros, Guárico	450\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Stegomastodon sp.	^[152] {{refn\|group=note\|name=Mothe}}}}
	Los Guamos, Trujillo	1200\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	?Cuvieronius sp.	^[152]}}
	Minas de Guaniamo, Cedeño, Bolívar	250\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Los Guayos, Guacara, Carabobo	440\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Zanja de Lira, Cojedes	70\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Pueblo Nuevo, Falcón\|lt=Pueblo Nuevo\|es\|Pueblo Nuevo (Falcón)}}, Falcón	60\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Coro, Falcón	28\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Camaguán, Guárico	50\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Barbacoas, Lara	1500\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Carora, Lara	425\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	La Cruz, Guardagallos, Quebrada del Totumo, Urdaneta, Lara	185\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	El Anís, Mérida	499\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Maturín, Monagas	90\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Mundo Nuevo, Monagas	900\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Orocual, Monagas	145\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Cumanacoa, Sucre	231\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Agua Viva, Trujillo	120\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Serranía del Perijá, Zulia	175\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}
	Minas de Guasare-Socuy, Zulia	26\|m\|ft\|abbr=on}}	Gomphotheriidae indet.	^[152]}}

Proposed reclassification

Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:^[153]^[154]^[155]^[156]

Stegomastodon {{small|(Pohlig, 1912)}} is an exclusively North American genus
Haplomastodon {{small|(Hoffstetter 1950)}} is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon {{small|(Cabrera 1929)}}
as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
Cuvieronius is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon

Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into Notiomastodon, but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use Stegomastodon waringi for South American gomphotheres from Chile.^[86]

Evolution

Lucas (2010, 2013) proposes that Notiomastodon evolved from Cuvieronius inside South America^[153]
Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that Notiomastodon and Cuvieronius reached South America in two separate migration waves^[157]

Gallery

Notes and references

Notes

1. ^Elephantiformes - Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
2. ^Zacarías et al., 2012
3. ^Alberdi et al., 2008
4. ^¹Alberdi & Prado, 2008, p.179
5. ^Miño et al., 2005, p.2
6. ^Arroyo Toropí-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
7. ^Tonni et al., 1985, p.259
8. ^Luján at Fossilworks.org
9. ^Tomassini et al., 2010
10. ^Prado et al., 2012, p.624
11. ^¹²³Zurita et al., 2004
12. ^Aviá Terai at Fossilworks.org
13. ^Barranqueras at Fossilworks.org
14. ^Charata at Fossilworks.org
15. ^Castelli at Fossilworks.org
16. ^Tonni, 1987
17. ^Isla et al., 2013, p.162
18. ^Estancia El Palmar at Fossilworks.org
19. ^Pomi, 2008
20. ^Iriondo & Kröhling, 2007, p.7
21. ^¹Fernicola et al., 2009
22. ^Krapovickas & Tauber, 2016
23. ^¹²³Chimento & Agnolin, 2011
24. ^Isla et al., 2013, p.32
25. ^Isla et al., 2013, p.108
26. ^Isla et al., 2013, p.407
27. ^Río Rujero at Fossilworks.org
28. ^¹Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644
29. ^Río Desaguadero at Fossilworks.org
30. ^Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.643
31. ^Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.644
32. ^Pardo et al., 2003, pp.350-351
33. ^{{es}} Registran una nueva especie de mastodonte en Villa Montes
34. ^Ñuapua 1 at Fossilworks.org
35. ^Ñuapua 2 at Fossilworks.org
36. ^MacFadden & Shockey, 1997
37. ^Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
38. ^Tarija 2 at Fossilworks.org
39. ^Da Costa & De Souza, 2009
40. ^Lagoa do Rumo/Chapada Diamantina at Fossilworks.org
41. ^Garrincho at Fossilworks.org
42. ^Guérin et al., 1999, p.136
43. ^Toca da Janela da Barra do Antoniao at Fossilworks.org
44. ^¹²³⁴Alberdi et al., 2002, p.219
45. ^Gruta dos Brejoes at Fossilworks.org
46. ^Toca dos Ossos at Fossilworks.org
47. ^Fazenda Suse II at Fossilworks.org
48. ^Janauba at Fossilworks.org
49. ^Alberdi et al., 2002, p.218
50. ^De Oliveira et al., 2007, p.410
51. ^Gruta do Ingá at Fossilworks.org
52. ^Poté at Fossilworks.org
53. ^Alberdi et al., 2002, p.220
54. ^Lapa do Caetano at Fossilworks.org
55. ^{{es}} Fossils of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais - Pueblos Originarios
56. ^De Souza Barbosa, 2013, p.5
57. ^Lajedo de Escada at Fossilworks.org
58. ^Parisi et al., 2016, p.2
59. ^Bonito at Fossilworks.org
60. ^Asakura et al., 2014, p.5
61. ^Kerber et al., 2014, p.254
62. ^Simpson & De Couto, 1957
63. ^Aguas do Araxa at Fossilworks.org
64. ^Aguas do Araxá 2 at Fossilworks.org
65. ^Lage Grande Level 2, Penambuco at Fossilworks.org
66. ^Lage Grande Level 1 at Fossilworks.org
67. ^Lage Grande Level 2 at Fossilworks.org
68. ^¹²Marinho da Silva et al., 2003, p.2
69. ^Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.45
70. ^¹²³Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.46
71. ^Guérin, 1993, p.17
72. ^Oliveira et al., 2009, p.81
73. ^¹²De Araújo et al., 2012, p.99
74. ^Da Silva Alves, 2007, p.47
75. ^¹²Souza Lobo et al., 2015, p.333
76. ^Trindade Dantas & Zucon, 2007, p.192
77. ^Fazenda Caraíba at Fossilworks.org
78. ^Serro do Gronda at Fossilworks.org
79. ^Taperoa at Fossilworks.org
80. ^Ghilardi et al., 2011
81. ^Upper Ribeira at Fossilworks.org
82. ^Rio Acre at Fossilworks.org
83. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2000, p.207
84. ^Pardo et al., 2003, p.353
85. ^¹²³⁴Frassinetti & Alberdi, 2005, p.103
86. ^¹Labarca et al., 2016
87. ^López et al., 2010, p.13
88. ^Labarca & Alcaraz, 2011, p.160
89. ^Las Pozas/Hacienda Chacabuco at Fossilworks.org
90. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
91. ^Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
92. ^Pardo Jaramillo, 2012
93. ^Turbaná at Fossilworks.org
94. ^¹Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
95. ^Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
96. ^Hammen, 1986, p.29
97. ^¹De Porta, 1969, p.92
98. ^Curití at Fossilworks.org
99. ^Villarroel et al., 1996
100. ^Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
101. ^Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
102. ^Soatá at Fossilworks.org
103. ^Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
104. ^Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
105. ^Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
106. ^De Porta, 1961, p.52
107. ^Bürgl, 1956
108. ^¹{{es}} Mastodontes en Colombia
109. ^Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
110. ^Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
111. ^Cantalamessa et al., 2001
112. ^Río Canas at Fossilworks.org
113. ^Carrión, s.a.
114. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹Hoffstetter, 1952
115. ^Region de La Paz at Fossilworks.org
116. ^Hacienda Pucará at Fossilworks.org
117. ^Calderón/Carapungo at Fossilworks.org
118. ^Alangasí at Fossilworks.org
119. ^Punín, Chalán at Fossilworks.org
120. ^Tumbaco at Fossilworks.org
121. ^Llano Chico at Fossilworks.org
122. ^Quebrada La Tola at Fossilworks.org
123. ^Checa at Fossilworks.org
124. ^La Carolina at Fossilworks.org
125. ^Lindsey & López, 2015, p.70
126. ^Ferretti, 2010, p.667
127. ^Marshall et al., 1984, p.50
128. ^Hoffstetter, 1978
129. ^Ríos et al., 2013
130. ^Báez et al., 2004
131. ^General Bruguer/Riacho Negro at Fossilworks.org
132. ^Ríos et al, 2014
133. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶Pujos & Salas, 2004a
134. ^La Brea Talara at Fossilworks.org
135. ^Alberdi et al., 2004, p.428
136. ^Alberdi et al., 2004, p.446
137. ^Alberdi et al., 2004, p.426
138. ^Pujos & Salas, 2004b
139. ^Sacaco 2 at Fossilworks.org
140. ^Celendín at Fossilworks.org
141. ^Campbell et al., 2009, p.114
142. ^Alberdi et al., 2007
143. ^Campo Viñoles, Cerro Largo at Fossilworks.org
144. ^Gutiérrez et al., 2005
145. ^Alvarenga et al., 2010
146. ^Casil Quarry at Fossilworks.org
147. ^Cucuruchu at Fossilworks.org
148. ^Morón, 2015
149. ^Bryan et al., 1978
150. ^Taima-Taima at Fossilworks.org
151. ^Taima-Taima Unit 1 at Fossilworks.org
152. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³Carrillo et al., 2008, p.252
153. ^¹²Lucas, 2013
154. ^¹Mothé et al., 2012
155. ^¹Mothé et al., 2016a
156. ^¹Mothé et al., 2016b
157. ^Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33

References

==== Bibliography ====

Publications are in chronological order, most recent first, because of the advances in taxonomy and research

Publications South America

{{cite LSA |last=Prado |first=José Luis |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |last3=Azanza |first3=Beatriz |last4=Sánchez |first4=Begonia |last5=Frassinetti |first5=Daniel |year=2005 |title=The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose_Prado2/publication/222975355_The_Pleistocene_Gomphotheriidae_Proboscidea_from_South_America/links/543e91bb0cf21c84f23b1b32/The-Pleistocene-Gomphotheriidae-Proboscidea-from-South-America.pdf?origin=publication_list |journal=Quaternary International |volume=126 |pages=21–30 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Prado |first=José Luis |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |last3=Sánchez |first3=Begonia |last4=Azanza |first4=Beatriz |year=2003 |title=Diversity of the Pleistocene Gomphotheres (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) from South America |url=http://www.hetnatuurhistorisch.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/documents-nmr/Publicaties/Deinsea/Deinsea_09/DSA9_024_Prado_347-363.pdf |journal=DEINSEA |volume=9 |pages=347–363 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Alberdi |first=María Teresa |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |year=1995 |title=Los mastodontes de América Del Sur |url=https://www.academia.edu/1037850/Los_mastodontes_de_Am%C3%A9rica_del_Sur |journal=Monografías Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC |volume=12 |pages=277–292 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Marshall |first=Larry G. |last2=Berta |first2=Annalisa |last3=Hoffstetter |first3=Robert |last4=Pascual |first4=Rosendo |last5=Reig |first5=Osvaldo A. |last6=Bombin |first6=Miguel |last7=Mones |first7=Álvaro |year=1984 |title=Mammals and stratigraphy: geochronology of the continental mammal bearing Quaternary of South America |pages=1–76}}

Publications Argentina

{{cite LSA |last=Krapovickas |first=Jerónimo Matías |last2=Tauber |first2=Adan Alejo |year=2016 |title=Estratigrafía de las áreas cumbrales de las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba: geocronología, modelo regional, paleoambiente y paleoclima en una región poco conocida de Argentina |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1026-87742016000100105&lng=pt&nrm=iso |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |volume=33 |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Fajardo |first=Dante |last2=Isla |first2=Federico Ignacio |last3=Iriondo |first3=Martín |last4=Kröhling |first4=Daniela |year=2013 |title=Lexico estratigráfico de la Argentina - Cuaternario |url=http://www.geologica.org.ar/archivos_usuarios/cuaternario.pdf |publisher= |pages=1–460 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Prado |first=José Luis |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |last3=Di Martino |first3=Vicente José |year=2012 |title=Équidos y gonfoterios del Pleistoceno Tardío del sudeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=49 |pages=623–641}}
{{cite LSA |last=Zacarías |first=G.G. |last2=Miño Boilini |first2=A.R. |last3=Zurita |first3=A.E. |last4=Francia |first4=A. |year=2012 |title=Campamento Vespucio, una nueva localidad con mamíferos pleistocenos en la provincia de Salta, Argentina |url=http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/830/862 |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=68 |pages=277–285 |accessdate=2107-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Chimento |first=Nicolás R. |last2=Agnolin |first2=Federico L. |year=2011 |title=Mamíferos del pleistoceno superior de santiago del estero (Argentina) y sus afinidades paleobiogeográficas |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492011000600001 |journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) |volume=51 |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Tomassini |first=Rodrigo L. |last2=Montalvo |first2=Claudia I. |last3=Manera |first3=Teresa |last4=Oliva |first4=Cristian |year=2010 |title=Estudio tafonómico de los mamíferos pleistocenos del yacimiento de Playa del Barco (Pehuen Co), provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142010000200001 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=47 |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Fernicola |first=Juan Carlos |last2=Vizcaíno |first2=Sergio F. |last3=De Iulliis |first3=Gerardo |year=2009 |title=The fossil mammals collected by Charles Darwin in South America during his travels on board the HMS Beagle |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222009000100016 |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume=64 |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Alberdi |first=María Teresa |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |year=2008 |title=Presencia de Stegomastodon (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) en el Pleistoceno Superior de la zona costera de Santa Clara del Mar (Argentina) |url=http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/viewFile/572/586 |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=64 |pages=175–185 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Alberdi |first=María Teresa |last2=Cerdeño |first2=Esperanza |last3=Prado |first3=José Luis |year=2008 |title=Stegomastodon platensis (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno de Santiago del Estero, Argentina |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142008000200001 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=45 |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Pomi |first=Lucas Horacio |year=2008 |title=Una nueva asociación de vertebrados fósiles de Edad Ensenadense (Plioceno tardío-Pleistoceno medio) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/img/revistas/ameg/v45n2/html/v45n2a19.htm |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=45 |pages=503–510 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Vizcaíno |first=Sergio F. |last2=Fernicola |first2=Juan C. |year=2008 |title=Las bestias fósiles de Mr. Darwin |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/47226/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Museo |volume=3 |pages=65–69 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Iriondo |first=Martín |last2=Kröhling |first2=Daniela |year=2007 |title=Geomorphology and sedimentology of the upper basin of the Salado River (Southern Santa Fe and NW Buenos Aires provinces; Argentina) |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/lajsba/v14n1/v14n1a01.pdf |journal=Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis |volume=14 |pages=1–23 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Miño Boilini |first=Ángel R. |last2=Canteros |first2=Oscar A. |last3=Alcarez |first3=María A. |last4=Lutz |first4=Alicia I. |year=2005 |title=Últimos hallazgos de mamíferos fósiles del Arroyo Toropí (Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno Temprano) y revisión sistemática de los Toxodontidae cuaternarios de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina |url=http://www.unne.edu.ar/unnevieja/Web/cyt/com2005/6-Biologia/B-009.pdf |publisher=Universidad Nacional del Nordeste |pages=1–3 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Zurita |first=Alfredo E. |last2=Carlini |first2=Alfredo A. |last3=Scillato Yané |first3=Gustavo J. |last4=Tonni |first4=Eduardo P. |year=2004 |title=Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082004000100004 |journal=Revista Geológica de Chile |volume=31 |pages=65–87 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Tonni |first=Eduardo P |year=1987 |title=Stegomastodon platensis (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) y la antigüedad de la Formación El Palmar en el Departamento Colon, Provincia de Entre Ríos, República de Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=2 |pages=323–324}}
{{cite LSA |last=Tonni |first=Eduardo P. |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |last3=Menegaz |first3=Adriana N. |last4=Salemme |first4=Mónica G. |year=1985 |title=La Unidad Mamífero (Fauna) Lujanense. Proyección de la Estratigrafia Mamaliana al Cuaternario de la Región Pampeana |url=https://www.academia.edu/1308858/La_Unidad_mam%C3%ADfero_Fauna_Lujanense._Proyecci%C3%B3n_de_la_estratigraf%C3%ADa_mamaliana_al_cuaternario_de_la_Regi%C3%B3n_Pampeana |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=22 |pages=255–261 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Bolivia

{{cite LSA |last=MacFadden |first=Bruce J. |last2=Shockey |first2=Bruce J. |year=1997 |title=Ancient Feeding Ecology and Niche Differentiation of Pleistocene Mammalian Herbivores from Tarija, Bolivia: Morphological and Isotopic Evidence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2401158?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Paleobiology |volume=23 |pages=77–100 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Marshall |first=Larry G. |last2=Sempere |first2=Thierry |year=1991 |title=The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context - A review |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thierry_Sempere/publication/32979728_The_Eocene_to_Pleistocene_vertebrates_of_Bolivia_and_their_stratigraphic_context_A_review/links/0f317537fb9dab3d2a000000/The-Eocene-to-Pleistocene-vertebrates-of-Bolivia-and-their-stratigraphic-context-A-review.pdf |journal=Revista técnica de YPFB |volume=12 |pages=631–652 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Boule |first=Marcellin |last2=Thevenin |first2=A. |year=1920 |title=Mammifères fossiles de Tarija |url=https://archive.org/details/mammifresfossi00bouluoft |publisher=University of Toronto |pages=1–440 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Brazil

{{cite LSA |last=Parisi Dutra |first=Rodrigo |last2=Velloso Missagia |first2=Rafaela |last3=Araujo Perini |first3=Fernando |last4=Cozzuol |first4=Mario Alberto |last5=Gasparini |first5=Germán Mariano |last6=Gonçalves Guedes |first6=Patricia |last7=De Oliveira Salles |first7=Leandro |year=2016 |title=Fossil peccaries of Late Pleistocene/Holocene (Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from underwater caves of Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289686470_Fossil_peccaries_of_Late_PleistoceneHolocene_Cetartiodactyla_Tayassuidae_from_underwater_caves_of_Serra_da_Bodoquena_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul_State_Brazil |journal=Historical Biology |volume=29 |pages=1–8 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Souza Lobo |first=Leonardo |last2=Saldanha Scherer |first2=Carolina |last3=Trindade Dantas |first3=Mário André |year=2015 |title=Megafauna do Pleistoceno Final de Matina, Bahia, Brasil: sistemática, cronologia e paleoecologia |url=http://www.sbpbrasil.org/assets/uploads/files/11_Lobo_et_al_pg325a338_site.pdf |journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia |volume=18 |pages=325–338 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Asakura Bezerra de Oliveira |first=Yumi |last2=Lopes da Silva |first2=Jorge Luiz |last3=Lopes da Silva |first3=Ana Paula |last4=Alves da Silva |first4=Elaine Pollyanne |last5=Cavalcante Omena |first5=Érica |year=2014 |title=Taphonomic and sedimentological aspects of the "Picos II" paleontological site, municipality of Piranhas, Alagoas, Brazil |url=https://peerj.com/preprints/644.pdf |journal=PeerJ |volume=644 |pages=1–22 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Kerber |first=Leonardo |last2=Gregis Pitana |first2=Vanessa |last3=Ribeiro |first3=Ana María |last4=Schmaltz Hsiou |first4=Annie |last5=Oliveira |first5=Edison V. |year=2014 |title=Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/rmcg/v31n2/v31n2a8.pdf |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |volume=31 |pages=248–259 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=De Souza Barbosa |first=Fernando Henrique |year=2013 |title=Análise paleopatológica em megafauna pleistocênica do Lajedo da Escada, Baraúna, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil |url=http://repositorio.ufpe.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/10411/DISSERTA%C3%87%C3%83O%20Fernando%20Henrique%20de%20Souza%20Barbosa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |pages=1–84 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=De Araújo Júnior |first=Hermínio Ismael |last2=Bissaro Júnior |first2=Marcos César |last3=Tavares dos Santos |first3=Tirla |last4=Da Silva Alves |first4=Rosembergh |last5=Paglarelli Bergqvist |first5=Lílian |year=2012 |title=Tafonomia da megafauna Pleistocênica Brasileira: Fluvial Transport Index (FTI) em análises de representatividade óssea |url=http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/15_1/8_Araujo-Junior_et_al.pdf |journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia |volume=15 |pages=95–104 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Ghilardi |first=Aline Marcele |last2=Adorna Fernandes |first2=Marcelo |last3=Bichuette |first3=Maria Elina |year=2011 |title=Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061821100231X |journal=Quaternary International |volume=245 |pages=369–378 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Campbell |first=Kenneth E. |last2=Frailey |first2=Carl D. |last3=Romero Pittman |first3=Lidia |year=2009 |title=In defense of Amahuacatherium (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284672636_The_late_Miocene_gomphothere_Amahuacatherium_peruvium_Proboscidea_Gomphotheriidae_from_Amazonian_Peru_Implications_for_the_Great_American_Faunal_Interchange |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=252 |pages=113–128 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Da Costa Ribeiro |first=Ricardo |last2=De Souza Carvalho |first2=Ismar |year=2009 |title=Megafauna do Quaternário tardio de Baixa Grande, Bahia, Brasil |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43245484_Megafauna_do_Quaternario_tardio_de_Baixa_Grande_Bahia_Brasil |journal=Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias |volume=32 |pages=_ |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Oliveira |first=Édison Vicente |last2=Franca Barreto |first2=Alcina M. |last3=Da Silva Alves |first3=Rosembergh |year=2009 |title=Aspectos sistemáticos, paleobiogeográficos e paleoclimáticos dos mamíferos quaternários de Fazenda Nova, PE, nordeste do Brasil |url=https://www.ufpe.br/ppgeoc/images/publicacoes/edison3.pdf |journal=Gaea - Journal of Geoscience |volume=5 |pages=75–85 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Da Silva Alves |first=Rosembergh |year=2007 |title=Os mamíferos Pleistocênicos de Fazenda Nova, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Pernambuco: aspectos tafonômicos, taxonômicos e paleoambientais |url=http://repositorio.ufpe.br:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/6492/arquivo6783_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |pages=1–139 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=De Oliveira Porpino |first=Kleberson |last2=Dos Santos Júnior |first2=Valdeci |last3=Ferreira dos Santos |first3=Maria de Fátima Cavalcante |year=2007 |title=Lajedo do Soledade, Apodi-RN, Ocorrência peculiar de megafauna fóssil quaternária no nordeste do Brasil |url=https://www.academia.edu/4777432/Lajedo_do_Soledade_Apodi-RN_Ocorr%C3%AAncia_peculiar_de_megafauna_f%C3%B3ssil_quatern%C3%A1ria_no_nordeste_do_Brasil |journal=SIGEP |volume=127 |pages=403–412 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Trindade Dantas |first=Mário André |last2=De L. Tasso |first2=M.A. |year=2007 |title=Megafauna do Pleistoceno final de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia: taxonomia e aspectos tafonômicos |journal=Scientia Plena |volume=3 |pages=30–36}}
{{cite LSA |last=Trindade Dantas |first=Mário André |last2=Zucon |first2=Maria Elena |year=2007 |title=Sobre a ocorrência de fósseis da megafauna do Pleistoceno final em Coronel João Sá, Bahia. Brasil |url=https://www.academia.edu/2546895/Sobre_a_ocorr%C3%AAncia_de_f%C3%B3sseis_da_megafauna_doPleistoceno_final_em_Coronel_Jo%C3%A3o_S%C3%A1_Bahia._Brasil |journal=Revista UnG |volume=6 |pages=191–200 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Cozzuol |first=Mario |year=2006 |title=The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222357514_The_Acre_vertebrate_fauna_Age_diversity_and_geography |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=21 |pages=185–203 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Marinho da Silva |first=Fabiana |last2=Da Silva Alves |first2=Rosembergh |last3=Franca Barreto |first3=Alcina Magnólia |last4=Bezerra de Sá |first4=Fabrício |last5=Borges de Lins e Silva |first5=Ana Carolina |year=2006 |title=A megafauna Pleistocênica do Estado de Pernambuco |url=https://www.ufpe.br/estudosgeologicos/paginas/edicoes/2006162/2006162t04.pdf |journal=Estudos Geológicos |volume=16 |pages=55–66 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Marinho da Silva |first=Fabiana |last2=Franca Barreto |first2=Alcina Magnólia |last3=Bezerra de Sá |first3=Fabrício |last4=Borges de Lins e Silva |first4=Ana Carolina |year=2003 |title=Levantamento das ocorrências dos fósseis de mamíferos Quaternários do Estado de Penambuco - resultados preliminares |url=http://www.abequa.org.br/trabalhos/quatcont_270.pdf |publisher=IX Congresso da Associação Brasileira de Estudos do Quaternário |pages=1–3 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Alberdi |first=María Teresa |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |last3=Cartelle |first3=Cástor |year=2002 |title=El registro de Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Gomphotheriidae) en el Pleistoceno superior de Brasil |url=https://www.academia.edu/1037851/El_registro_de_Stegomastodon_Mammalia_Gomphotheriidae_en_el_Pleistoceno_superior_de_Brasil |journal=Revista Española de Paleontología |volume=17 |pages=217–235 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Guérin |first=Claude |last2=Fauré |first2=Martine |last3=Simões |first3=Paulo R. |last4=Hugueney |first4=Marguerite |last5=Mourer Chauvire |first5=Cécile |year=1999 |title=Toca da Janela da Barra do Antonião, São Raimundo Nonato, PI - Rica fauna pleistocênica e registro da Pré-história brasileira |url=http://sigep.cprm.gov.br/sitio069/sitio069.pdf |journal=SIGEP |volume=69 |pages=131–137 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Lessa |first=Gisele |last2=Cartelle |first2=Cástor |last3=Farias |first3=Helen D. |last4=Gonçalves |first4=Pablo R. |year=1998 |title=Novos achados de mamíferos carnívoros do Pleistoceno Final - Holoceno em grutas calcáreas do estado da Bahia |url=https://www.academia.edu/1153459/Novos_achados_de_mam%C3%ADferos_carn%C3%ADvoros_do_Pleistoceno_Final_-_Holoceno_em_grutas_calc%C3%A1reas_do_estado_da_Bahia |journal=Acta Geologica Leopoldensia |volume=21 |pages=157–169 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Guérin |first=Claude |year=1993 |title=La faune pléistocène de la Lagoa da Pedra à Conceição das Creoulas / Salgueiro, Pernambouc, Brésil |url=https://www.ufpe.br/clioarq/images/documentos/1993-N9/1993a2.pdf |journal=CLIO Série Arqueológica |volume=9 |pages=15–20 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord |last2=Couto |first2=Carlos de Paula |year=1957 |title=The mastodonts of Brazil |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/434 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=112 |pages=129–189 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Chile

{{cite LSA |last=Labarca |first=Rafael |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |last3=Prado |first3=José Luis |last4=Mansilla |first4=P. |last5=Mourgues |first5=F.A. |year=2016 |title=Nuevas evidencias acerca de la presencia de Stegomastodon platensis Ameghino, 1888, Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae, en el Pleistoceno tardío de Chile central |url=http://estudiosgeol.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeol/article/view/941/1075 |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=72 |pages=e046 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Labarca E. |first=Rafael |last2=Alcaraz |first2=M. Alejandra |year=2011 |title=Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (=Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela) (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35ºS) |url=http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v38n1/art08.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=38 |pages=156–170 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=López Mendoza |first=Patricio |last2=Rojas |first2=Osvaldo |last3=Mansilla |first3=Pablo |last4=Olivares |first4=Luis |last5=Martínez |first5=Ismael |year=2010 |title=Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos |url=http://tmgb.museucienciesjournals.cat/wp-content/blogs.dir/5/files/TMG-V17-pp-11-25.pdf |journal=Treballs del Museu de Geologia de Barcelona |volume=17 |pages=11–25 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Frassinetti |first=D. |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |year=2005 |title=Presencia del género Stegomastodon entre los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae), Pleistoceno Superior |url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/2338/1/mastodontes.pdf |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=61 |pages=101–107 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Frassinetti |first=D. |last2=Alberdi |first2=María Teresa |year=2000 |title=Revisión y estudio de los restos fósiles de mastodontes de Chile (Gomphotheriidae): Cuvieronius hyodon, Pleistoceno superior |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26580754_Revision_y_estudio_de_los_restos_fosiles_de_mastodontes_de_Chile_Gomphotheriidae_Cuvieronius_hyodon_Pleistoceno_superior |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=56 |pages=197–208 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Colombia

{{cite LSA |last=Pardo Jaramillo |first=Mauricio |year=2012 |title=Reporte del hallazgo de un cráneo de Stegostadon (sic) waringi (Holland, 1920) juvenil (Mammalia, Proboscidea) en la zona rural del municipio de Turbaná, Bolívar, Colombia |url=http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0370-39082012000200004 |journal=Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales |volume=36 |pages=203–210 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Páramo Fonseca |first=María Euridice |last2=Escobar Quemba |first2=Ingrid Carolina |year=2010 |title=Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/24535/1/21722-118331-1-PB.pdf |journal=Geología Colombiana |volume=35 |pages=50–57 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Rodríguez Flórez |first=Carlos David |last2=Rodríguez Flórez |first2=Ernesto León |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Carlos Armando |year=2009 |title=Revision of Pleistocenic Gomphotheriidae Fauna in Colombia and case report in the Department of Valle Del Cauca |url=http://200.21.104.25/boletincientifico/downloads/Boletin13(2)_COMPLETO.pdf |publisher=Museum Center - Natural History Museum |journal=Scientific Bulletin |volume=13 |pages=78–85 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Villarroel A. |first=Carlos S. |last2=Clavijo |first2=Jairo |year=2005 |title=Los Mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la costa Caribe colombiana |url=http://studylib.es/doc/8468885/los-mam%C3%ADferos-f%C3%B3siles-y-las-edades-de-las-sedimentitas |journal=Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales |volume=XXIX |pages=345–356 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Villarroel A. |first=Carlos S. |last2=Brieva B. |first2=Jorge |last3=Cadena |first3=Alberto |year=1996 |title=La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jutua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia) |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/32086/1/31431-113911-1-PB.pdf |journal=Geología Colombiana |volume=21 |pages=81–87 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Correal Urrego |first=Gonzalo |year=1990 |title=Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia - Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia |journal=Revista de Arqueología Americana |volume=1 |pages=69–89 |url=http://peru.inka.free.fr/Runapacha/pleiscol.pdf |language=es |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Van der Hammen |first=Thomas |year=1986 |title=Cambios medioambientales y la extinción del mastodonte en el norte de los Andes |journal=Revista de Antropología, Universidad de los Andes |volume=II |pages=27–34}}
{{cite LSA |last=Hoffstetter |first=Robert |year=1971 |title=Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/31246/1/30399-109998-1-PB.pdf |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia |pages=37–62 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=De Porta |first=Jaime |year=1969 |title=Les vertébrés fossiles de Colombie et les problèmes posés par l'isolemant du continent Sud-Américain |url=http://docplayer.fr/27698698-Les-vertebres-fossiles-de-colombie-et-les-problemes-poses-par-l-isolement-du-continent-sud-americain.html |journal=Palaeovertebrata |volume=2 |pages=77–94 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=De Porta |first=Jaime |year=1961 |title=La posición estratigráfica de la fauna de Mamíferos del pleistoceno de la Sabana de Bogotá |url=http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/viewFile/4260/4556 |journal=Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander |volume=7 |pages=37–54 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Bürgl |first=Hans |year=1956 |title=Restos de Megatherium y otros fósiles de Quipile, Cundinamarca |url=http://catalogo.sgc.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10457 |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–14 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Ecuador

{{cite LSA |last=Lindsey |first=Emily L. |last2=López R |first2=Eric X. |year=2015 |title=Tanque Loma, a new late-Pleistocene megafaunal tar seep locality from southwest Ecuador |url=http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Lindsey%20and%20Lopez%202015.pdf |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=57 |pages=61–82 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Ferretti |first=Marco P |year=2010 |title=Anatomy of Haplomastodon chimborazi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and its bearing on the phylogeny and systematics of South American gomphotheres |url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/g2010n4a3.pdf |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=32 |pages=663–721 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Carrión |first=José Luis Ramón |year=s.a |title=La Paleontología en el Ecuador; Historia y perspectivas |url=http://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/bitstream/15000/3849/1/icbio_paleontologia_ecuador.pdf |pages=1–9 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Cantalamessa |first=G. |last2=Di Celma |first2=C. |last3=Bianucci |first3=G. |last4=Carnevale |first4=G. |last5=Coltorti |first5=M. |last6=Delfino |first6=M. |last7=Ficcarelli |first7=G. |last8=Moreno Espinosa |first8=M. |last9=P. Pieruccini, L. Ragaini, L. Rook, M. Rossi, G. Tito, D. Torre, G. Valleri and W. Landini |first9=D. Naldini, |year=2001 |title=A new vertebrate fossiliferous site from the Late Quaternary at San José on the north coast of Ecuador: preliminary note |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598110100027X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=14 |pages=331–334 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Hoffstetter |first=Robert |year=1952 |title=Les mammiferes pleistocènes de la Republique de l'Equateur |url=https://eurekamag.com/research/024/945/024945356.php |journal=Memoirs de la Societé Géologique de France |volume=66 |pages=1–391 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Paraguay

{{cite LSA |last=Ríos Díaz |first=Sergio D. |last2=Luna |first2=Carlos A. |last3=Souberlich |first3=Ricardo |last4=Aguilera |first4=Paula |last5=Gadea de Campos Cevera |first5=Ana M. |last6=Godoy Araña |first6=Ana |year=2014 |title=Mamíferos del Cuaternario de Puerto Santa Rosa, Departamento de San Pedro, Paraguay |url=http://www.faunaparaguay.com/Bol18rios.pdf |journal=Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay |volume=18 |pages=67–76 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Ríos Díaz |first=S.D. |year=2013 |title=Una nueva localidad de vertebrados cuaternarios en Puerto Pinasco, Dpto. de Presidente Hayes, República del Paraguay |url=http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/FosilesPP.pdf |publisher=XXVII Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados |pages=1–2 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Báez Presser |first=Jaime Leonardo |last2=Buongermini |first2=Emilio |last3=Fillipi Amábile |first3=Víctor Orlando |last4=Fernández Crossas |first4=Víctor |last5=Báez Almadas |first5=Adolfo Benicio |last6=Zarza Limas |first6=Pedro Ramón |last7=Oporto Migone |first7=Orlando |year=2004 |title=Algunos antecedentes paleontológicos del Paraguay |url=http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/Antecedentes%20Paleontologicos%20del%20Paraguay.pdf |journal=Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay |volume=15 |pages=95–110 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Hoffstetter |first=Robert |year=1978 |title=Une faune de Mammifères pleistocènes au Paraguay |url=http://www.geologiadelparaguay.com/Hoffstetter.pdf |journal=Compte rendu sommaire des séances de la Société géologique de France |volume=1 |pages=32–33 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Peru

{{cite LSA |last=Pujos |first=François |last2=Salas Gismondi |first2=Rodolfo |year=2004a |title=A systematic reassessment and paleogeographic review of fossil Xenarthra from Peru |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26431588_A_systematic_reassessment_and_paleogeographic_review_of_fossil_Xenarthra_from_Peru |journal=Bulletin de L'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines |volume=33 |pages=331–377 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Pujos |first=François |last2=Salas Gismondi |first2=Rodolfo |year=2004b |title=A new species of Megatherium (Mammalia : Xenarthra : Megatheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco and Tres Ventanas, Peru |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40661194_A_new_species_of_Megatherium_Mammalia_Xenarthra_Megatheriidae_from_the_Pleistocene_of_Sacaco_and_Tres_Ventanas_Peru |journal=Palaeontology |volume=47 |pages=579–604 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Alberdi |first=María Teresa |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |last3=Salas |first3=Rodolfo |year=2004 |title=The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from Peru |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279543665_The_Pleistocene_Gomphotheriidae_Proboscidea_from_Peru |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=231 |pages=423–452 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Uruguay

{{cite LSA |last=Alvarenga |first=Herculano |last2=Jones |first2=Washington William |last3=Rinderknecht |first3=Andrés |year=2010 |title=The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233512584_The_youngest_record_of_phorusrhacid_birds_Aves_Phorusrhacidae_from_the_late_Pleistocene_of_Uruguay |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=256 |pages=229–234 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Alberdi |first=María Teresa |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |last3=Perea |first3=Daniel |last4=Ubilla |first4=Martín |year=2007 |title=Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233709766_Stegomastodon_waringi_Mammalia_Proboscidea_from_the_Late_Pleistocene_of_northeastern_Uruguay |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=243 |pages=179–189 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Gutiérrez |first=Mercedes |last2=Prado |first2=José Luis |last3=Perea |first3=Daniel |last4=Ubilla |first4=Martín |year=2005 |title=Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285935178_Late_Pleistocene_Stegomastodon_Mammalia_Proboscidea_from_Uruguay |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte |volume=11 |pages=641–662 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications Venezuela

{{cite LSA |last=Morón |first=Camilo |year=2015 |title=Panorama geológico, paleontológico, arqueológico, histórico y mitológico del estado Falcón |url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/712/71241008006.pdf |journal=Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de Los Andes |volume=33 |pages=104–126 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Carrillo B. |first=Jorge |last2=Chávez A. |first2=Edwin |last3=Alfonzo H |first3=Imerú |year=2008 |title=Notas preliminares sobre los Mastodontes Gonfoterios (Mammalia: Proboscidea) del cuaternario venezolano |url=http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/123456789/30824/1/articulo2.pdf |journal=Boletín Antropológico, Universidad de Los Andes |volume=26 |pages=233–263 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Bryan |first=Alan L. |last2=Casamiquela |first2=Rodolfo M. |last3=Cruxent |first3=José M. |last4=Gruhn |first4=Ruth |last5=Ochsenius |first5=Claudio |year=1978 |title=An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-taima, Venezuela |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/200/4347/1275/tab-article-info |journal=Science |volume=200 |pages=1275–1277 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

Publications proposed reclassification

{{cite LSA |last=Mothé |first=Dimila |last2=Dos Santos Avilla |first2=Leonardo |last3=Asevedo |first3=Lidiane |last4=Borges Silva |first4=Leon |last5=Rosa |first5=Mariane |last6=Labarca Encina |first6=Ricardo |last7=Souberlich |first7=Esteban |last8=Soibelzon |first8=José Luis |last9=D. Ríos, Ascanio D. Rincón, Gina Cardoso de Oliveira and Renato Pereira Lopes |first9=Sergio Roman Carrion, |year=2016a |title=Sixty years after ‘The mastodonts of Brazil’: The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308794161_Sixty_years_after_%27The_mastodonts_of_Brazil%27_The_state_of_the_art_of_South_American_proboscideans_Proboscidea_Gomphotheriidae |journal=Quaternary International |volume=_ |pages=1–7 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Mothé |first=Dimila |last2=Ferretti |first2=Marco P. |last3=Avilla |first3=Leonardo S. |year=2016b |title=The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha |url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0147009 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=11 |pages=1–19 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Mothé |first=Dimila |last2=Avilla |first2=Leonardo S. |year=2015 |title=Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270913111_Mythbusting_evolutionary_issues_on_South_American_Gomphotheriidae_Mammalia_Proboscidea |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=110 |pages=23–35 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Mothé |first=Dimila |last2=Avilla |first2=Leonardo S. |last3=Cozzuol |first3=Mário |last4=Winck |first4=Gisele R. |year=2012 |title=Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mario_Cozzuol/publication/251636493_Taxonomic_revision_of_the_Quaternary_gomphotheres_Mammalia_Proboscidea_Gomphotheriidae_from_the_South_American_lowlands/links/0046352954f6467f69000000/Taxonomic-revision-of-the-Quaternary-gomphotheres-Mammalia-Proboscidea-Gomphotheriidae-from-the-South-American-lowlands.pdf?origin=publication_detail |journal=Quaternary International |volume=276-277 |pages=2–7 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Lucas |first=Spencer G |year=2013 |title=The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383615301292 |journal=Journal of Palaeogeography |volume=2 |pages=19–40 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}
{{cite LSA |last=Lucas |first=Spencer G |year=2008 |title=Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281863518_Taxonomic_nomenclature_of_Cuvieronius_and_Haplomastodon_proboscideans_from_the_Plio-Pleistocene_of_the_New_World |journal=Neogene Mammals - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin |volume=44 |pages=409–415 |accessdate=2017-05-07}}

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