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词条 List of insurgent groups in Myanmar
释义

  1. Active combatants

  2. Ceasefire groups

  3. Defunct groups

  4. Military coalitions

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Expand list|date=July 2018}}{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

This is a list of insurgent groups in Myanmar (also known as Burma). They are known officially as ethnic armed organisations (EAOs) by the government of Myanmar.[1]

Active combatants

Name Abbreviation Founded Strength Headquarters Location Affiliations Notes
Infobox AA.png|size=25px}} Arakan Army (Kachin State) AA (Kachin) 20091500}} 1,500[2]–2,000+[3] Laiza Kachin State,
Rakhine State,
Shan State,
Bangladesh–Myanmar border		 Part of the Northern Alliance.
Arakan State Army Flag.png|size=25px}} Arakan Army (Kayin State) AA (Kayin) 2010100}} 100[4]–350+{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} Mobile headquarters Kayin State Armed wing of the Arakan National Council.
Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army ARSA 2013200}} ~200[5][6] Mobile headquarters Rakhine State,
Bangladesh–Myanmar border		 Claimed responsibility for attacks on Burmese border posts along Myanmar's border with Bangladesh in 2016 and 2017.[7] Previously known as Harakah al-Yaqin.
Kachin Independence Army flag.svg|size=25px}} Kachin Independence Army KIA 196110000}} 10,000–12,000[8] Laiza,
Pajau (until 2005)		 Kachin State Military wing of the Kachin Independence Organisation; member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC).[9] Holds and governs territory in Kachin State.[9]
Flag of Bnei Menashe.svg|size=25px}} Kuki National Army KNA(B) 1988200}} 200+[10] Mobile headquarters Chin State,
Sagaing Region		 Military wing of the Kuki National Organisation.
Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg|size=25px}} Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army MNDAA 19892000}} 2,000[11]–4,000[12] Mobile headquarters Shan State Armed wing of the Kokang Democracy Party; part of the Northern Alliance. Split from the Communist Party of Burma after its dissolution.
Flag of the Shanni Nationalities Army.png|size=25px}} Shanni Nationalities Army SNA 2016300}} 300{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Mobile headquarters Kachin State Allies with the Shan State Army - South and the government of Myanmar.
Ta'ang National Liberation Army Flag.png|size=25px}} Ta'ang National Liberation Army TNLA 19921500}} 1,500[13]–3,500[14] Mobile headquarters Shan State Member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC);[9] part of the Northern Alliance. Governs the Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone.
Zomi Revolutionary Army Flag.png|size=25px}} Zomi Revolutionary Army ZRA 19973000}} 3,000[2] Churachandpur Chin State,
India–Myanmar border		 Armed wing of the Zomi Revolutionary Organisation. Only minor skirmishes in Myanmar.

Ceasefire groups

{{expand list|date=April 2016}}
Name Abbreviation Founded Ceasefire Strength Headquarters Location Affiliations Notes
Fighting Peacock Flag.png|size=25px}} All Burma Students' Democratic Front ABSDF 1988 2015[15]600}} 600[16]–1,000[17] Manerplaw (until 1995)[18] Myanmar–Thailand border,
India–Myanmar border,
China–Myanmar border
Arakan Liberation Party flag.png|size=25px}} Arakan Liberation Army ALA 1968 2012, 2015[15]60}} 60–100[19] Sittwe Kayin State,
Rakhine State		 Close allies with the Karen National Union.
Chin National Army Flag.svg|size=25px}} Chin National Army CNA 1988 2012, 2015[15]200}} 200+[20][17] Hakha Chin State Armed wing of the Chin National Front; member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC).[9]
Flag of DKBA-5 (Buddhist).png|size=25px}} Democratic Karen Buddhist Army - Brigade 5 DKBA-5 2010 20111500}} 1,500+[2][21] Sonesee Myaing Myawaddy Township, Kayin State Formerly part of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army until 2010.
Karen National Defence Organisation KNDO 1949 2012, 2015[15]0}-> Unknown Lay Wah,
Manerplaw (until 1995)[18]		 Kayah State,
Kayin State		 Affiliate of the Karen National Union.
Karen National Liberation Army flag.svg|size=25px}} Karen National Liberation Army KNLA 1949 2012, 2015[15]5000}} 5,000[22][17]–7,000[23] Lay Wah,
Manerplaw (until 1995)[18]		 Kayah State,
Kayin State,
Tanintharyi Region		 Armed wing of the Karen National Union; member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC).[24]
Flag of the Karenni Army.png|size=25px}} Karenni Army KA/KNPP 1949 2005, 2012500}} 500[17]–1,500[23] Nya Moe[25] Kayah State Armed wing of the Karenni National Progressive Party; member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC).[24]
KNU/KNLA Peace Council KPC 2007 2015200}} <200[26] Tokawko Kayah State Not affiliated with the KNU or the KNLA, despite its name.
New Mon State Party flag.png|size=25px}} Mon National Liberation Army MNLA 1958 1995, 2012800}} 800+ (2,000–5,000 reserves)[27] Ye Chaung Phya Mon State,
Tanintharyi Region		 Armed wing of the New Mon State Party.
Flag of the NDAA.png|size=25px}} National Democratic Alliance Army NDAA-ESS 1989 1989, 20113000}} 3,000[28]–4,000[2] Mong La Shan State Split from the Communist Party of Burma after its dissolution.
Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|size=25px}} National Socialist Council of Nagaland NSCN-K 1980/1988 2001/2015500}} <500[29] Mobile headquarters Sagaing Region (Naga Self-Administered Zone),
India–Myanmar border		 The NSCN-K signed a ceasefire with Myanmar in 2001, but unilaterally abrogated it in 2015.[30]
Pa-o nationality flag.png|size=25px}} Pa-O National Liberation Army PNLA 2009 2012400}} 400+[2][31] Camp Laybwer Shan State,
Myanmar–Thailand border		 Armed wing of the Pa-O National Liberation Organisation.
Shan State Army-North flag.png|size=25px}} Shan State Army - North SSA-N 1971 1989, 20128000}} 8,000[2] Wan Hai Shan State Armed wing of the Shan State Progress Party; member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC).[24]
SSA-S.svg|size=25px}} Shan State Army - South SSA-S 1996 2012, 20156000}} 6,000[23]–8,000[2] Loi Tai Leng Shan State,
Myanmar–Thailand border		 Armed wing of the Restoration Council of Shan State; member of the Shan State Congress. Split from the Mong Tai Army in 1995.
United Wa State Army flag.png|size=25px}} United Wa State Army UWSA 1989 1989, 201120000}} 20,000[32]–25,000[33] Pangkham Shan State Armed wing of the United Wa State Party. Currently governs the Wa Self-Administered Division (Wa State) as a de facto military junta.[34]
Flag of Wa.svg|size=25px}} Wa National Army WNA 1969 1997200}} 200[17] Homein Shan State Armed wing of the Wa National Organisation; member of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC).[24] Signed a peace agreement with the government in August 1997.

Defunct groups

{{expand list|date=November 2015}}
Name Abbreviation Founded Disbanded Strength Headquarters Location Affiliations Notes
Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front ARIF 1986[35] 1998}-> Unknown Mobile headquarters Rakhine State,
Bangladesh–Myanmar border
Communist Party of Arakan CPA 1962 2004}-> Unknown Mobile headquarters Rakhine State Split from the Red Flag Communist Party (RFCP).
Communist Party of Burma flag (1946-1969).png|size=25px}} Communist Party of Burma CPB 1939 19896000}} 6,000[36] Pangkham (until 1989) Shan State Armed wing dissolved in 1988 by the Burmese government.
Flag of DKBA.png|size=25px}} Democratic Karen Buddhist Army DKBA 1994 20105000}} <5,000[2] Manerplaw (until 1995) Kayin State Signed a ceasefire agreement shortly after its formation in 1994; disbanded in 2010. Split from the Karen National Union.
God's Army 1997 2006500}} 500[37] Mobile headquarters Myanmar–Thailand border Surrendered to government forces in 2006.
Kachin Defense Army KDA 1961 20101500}} 1,500[38] Kawnghka Shan State Originated as the Kachin Independence Army's 4th brigade.
Karenni National People's Liberation Front flag.png|size=25px}} Karenni National People's Liberation Front KNPLF 1978 20094000}} 4,000[39] Mobile headquarters Kayah State Split from the Karenni Army. Signed a ceasefire agreement in 1989 and transformed into a BGF in 2009.
Mongko Region Defence Army MRDA 1995[40][41] 20000}-> Unknown Mongko Shan State,
China–Myanmar border		 Split from the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.
Mong Tai Army flag.svg|size=25px}} Mong Tai Army MTA 1985 199620000}} 20,000 Homein Shan State,
Myanmar–Thailand border		 Surrendered to government forces in 1996.
Monland Restoration Army MRA 2001 2012100}} 100–300[42][43] Sangkhlaburi Mon State,
Tanintharyi Region		 Armed wing of the Hongsawatoi Restoration Party. Surrendered to government forces in 2012.
Flag of Jihad.svg|size=25px}} Mujahideen None 1947 19612000}} 2,000 Mayu Rakhine State Majority of fighters surrendered to government forces in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
New Democratic Army - Kachin NDA-K 1989 2009700}} 700 (peak)[44] Pang Wa Shan State Signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1989 and transformed into a BGF in 2009.
Pa-o nationality flag.png|size=25px}} Pa-O National Army PNA 1949 1991}-> Unknown Taunggyi Shan State Armed wing of the Pa-O National Organisation. Disbanded in 1991 and became a political party. Currently governs the Pa-O Self-Administered Zone.
Communist Party of Burma flag (1939-1946) and (1946-1970).svg|size=25px}} Red Flag Communist Party RFCP 1948 1978500}} 500[45] Mobile headquarters Shan State Split from the Communist Party of Burma (White flags).
Rohingya Liberation Party RLP 1972 1974800}} 800–2,500[46] Mobile headquarters Rakhine State Insurgents fled across the border into Bangladesh after a massive military operation by the government in July 1974.
Rohingya National Army RNA 1998 2001}-> Unknown Cox's Bazar Rakhine State,
Bangladesh–Myanmar border		 Armed wing of the Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO).
Rohingya Patriotic Front RPF 1974 1980s70}} 70[46] Mobile headquarters Rakhine State
Flag of the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation.png|size=25px}} Rohingya Solidarity Organisation RSO 1982[47] 1998}-> Unknown Rakhine State,
Bangladesh–Myanmar border		 Allegedly had connections with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. Mainly active in the 1990s; militarily defunct by 1998.
Shan State Army flag.png|size=25px}} Shan State Army SSA 1964 19761500}} 1,500 Mobile headquarters Shan State Formed the basis for the Shan State Army - North and Shan State Army - South. Fought other insurgent groups such as the Communist Party of Burma.
Shan State National Army.svg|size=25px}} Shan State National Army SSNA 1995 20058000}} 8,000 (peak)[48] Hsipaw Shan State Merged with the Shan State Army - South in 2005.
Shan United Revolutionary Army flag.png|size=25px}} Shan United Revolutionary Army SURA 1960 1996}-> Unknown Homein Shan State,
Myanmar–Thailand border		 Majority of insurgents surrendered to government forces in 1996. 800 insurgents under the command of Yawd Serk would go on to form the Shan State Army - South.
Flag of the VBSW.png|size=25px}} Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors VBSW 1999 2013}-> Unknown Mobile headquarters Myanmar–Thailand border Since 2013, no insurgent or terror related activity has been attributed to the VBSW, suggesting that it may be inactive or that it may have been disbanded following political reforms in Myanmar.[49] The group gained notoriety in October 1999 by raiding and holding hostages at the Burmese consulate in Bangkok, Thailand.

Military coalitions

Name Abbreviation Founded Headquarters Members Notes
Federal Union Army FUA 2011 Chiang Mai
  • Arakan Army
  • Karenni Army
  • Lahu Democratic Union
  • New Mon State Party
  • Shan State Army - North

}}		 Armed wing of the United Nationalities Federal Council.[50]
Northern Alliance NA-B 2016 Laiza
  • Arakan Army
  • Kachin Independence Army
  • Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
  • Ta'ang National Liberation Army

}}

See also

  • Internal conflict in Myanmar
  • List of political and military organisations in Myanmar

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Ethnic armed organisations’ conference commences |url=http://www.president-office.gov.mm/en/?q=issues/peace/id-6432 |publisher=President's Office of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar |accessdate=13 February 2019}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=Armed ethnic groups {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/armed-ethnic-groups|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
3. ^{{cite web|title = "I Want to Stress That We Are Not the Enemy"|url = http://www.irrawaddy.org/interview/i-want-to-stress-that-we-are-not-the-enemy.html|accessdate = 28 September 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=AA (Karen Region) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/193-aa-arakan-army|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
5. ^{{cite news|last1=Olarn|first1=Kocha|last2=Griffiths|first2=James|title=Myanmar military admits role in killing Rohingya found in mass grave|url=http://www.cnn.com/2018/01/11/asia/myanmar-mass-grave-intl/index.html|accessdate=16 January 2018|work=CNN|date=11 January 2018}}
6. ^{{cite news|title='Beyond comprehension': Myanmar admits killing Rohingya|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/rohingya-crisis-myanmar-military-admits-killings-180111102253768.html|accessdate=16 January 2018|work=www.aljazeera.com|date=11 January 2018}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Islamist fears rise in Rohingya-linked violence|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/1111481/islamist-fears-rise-in-rohingya-linked-violence|accessdate=5 November 2016|work=Bangkok Post|publisher=Post Publishing PCL}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/155-kio|website=mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21107440|title=Burma attack breaks Kachin truce near China border|date=20 January 2013|accessdate=18 August 2014|publisher=BBC|quote=The rebels are seeking greater autonomy within Burma for ethnic Kachins who have had de facto control over a part of northern Burma for more than 50 years.}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Kuki National Organization {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/194-kuki|website=mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=23 February 2017|language=en-gb}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=MNDAA {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/204-mndaa|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/47-govt-troops-killed-tens-thousands-flee-heavy-fighting-shan-state.html|title=47 Govt Troops Killed, Tens of Thousands Flee Heavy Fighting in Shan State|work=irrawaddy.org}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=PSLF/TNLA {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/nippon-foundation/156-tnla|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
14. ^{{cite news|last1=Larsen|first1=Niels|title=On Patrol With Myanmar Rebels Fighting Both the Army and Drug Addiction - VICE News|url=https://news.vice.com/article/on-patrol-with-myanmar-rebels-fighting-both-the-army-and-drug-addiction|work=VICE News|issue=Crime and Drugs|date=23 April 2015|language=en-US}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/deal-10152015175051.html | title=Myanmar Signs Historic Cease-Fire Deal With Eight Ethnic Armies | publisher=Radio Free Asia | accessdate=3 March 2016 | author=15 October 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=All Burma Students' Democratic Front (ABSDF) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/154-absdf|website=mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
17. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=I. Rotberg|first1=Robert|title=Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future|date=1998|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0815791690|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=A6bjyIcXIKgC}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Politics of Pressure: The 1990's and the Fall of Manerplaw|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs3/karenmuseum-01/History/politics_of_pressure.htm|website=www.ibiblio.org|publisher=The Museum of Karen History and Culture|accessdate=19 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Arakan Liberation Party (ALP) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/research/monitoring-archive/157-alp|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Chin National Front (CNF) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/158-cnf|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=Peace may prove elusive as divisions sap strength of karen national union {{!}} Bangkok Post: news|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/investigation/316916/peace-may-prove-elusive-as-divisions-sap-strength-of-karen-national-union|accessdate=10 March 2018|work=www.bangkokpost.com|publisher=Bangkok Post|date=14 October 2012|language=en}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/EJ18Ae03.html|title=Asia Times - News and analysis from throughout Southeast Asia|publisher=}}
23. ^1 2 Burma center for Ethnic Studies, Jan. 2012, "Briefing Paper No. 1" http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs13/BCES-BP-01-ceasefires(en).pdf
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Peace Process Overview {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://mmpeacemonitor.org/peace-process/peace-process-overview|website=mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
25. ^{{cite news|title= Karenni rebels dig in for last stand |first=Lucy |last=Murray |publisher=Asia Times |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC25Ae01.html}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Karen Peace Council (KPC) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/background/economic-and-political-stakes/162-kpc|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=15 October 2017|language=en-gb}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=New Mon State Party (NMSP) {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/164-nmsp|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=15 October 2017|language=en-gb}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=NDAA {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/nippon-foundation/163-ndaa|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=NSCN-K {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/165-nscn-k|website=mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
30. ^{{cite news |title=NSCN(K) faction revokes decision to abrogate ceasefire agreement |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/nscnk-faction-revokes-decision-to-abrogate-ceasefire-agreement/articleshow/66982756.cms |accessdate=27 December 2018 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 December 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=PNLO {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/stakeholders-overview/166-pnlo|website=www.mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}
32. ^Johnson, Tim (29 August 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/28/AR2009082803764.html China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border]. The Washington Post.
33. ^{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Anthony|title=Wa army fielding new Chinese artillery, ATGMs|url=http://www.janes.com/article/53155/wa-army-fielding-new-chinese-artillery-atgms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723214739/http://www.janes.com/article/53155/wa-army-fielding-new-chinese-artillery-atgms|dead-url=yes|archive-date=23 July 2015|publisher=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|accessdate=23 July 2015}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/1/2/6/1/pages312611/p312611-21.php|title=Constructing Terror: How Issues of Construct Validity Undermine the Utility of Terror Databases and Statistical Analyses of Terrorism|author=Luke Gerdes|publisher=All Academic Research|quote=The best such example comes from the United Wa State Army (UWSA), an armed ethnic organisation that has established de facto control over a portion of Northeastern Burma.|accessdate=18 August 2014|date=8 February 2009}}
35. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume14/Article1.htm | title=Bangladesh Extremist Islamist Consolidation | publisher=by Bertil Lintner | accessdate=21 October 2012 }}
36. ^{{cite book|title=The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|author=Richard Michael Gibson|year=2011|page=88|isbn=978-0-470-83018-5}}
37. ^{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/10/world/burmese-rebel-chief-more-boy-than-warrior.html|title = Burmese Rebel Chief More Boy Than Warrior|newspaper= NY Times|date= 1 April 2000|accessdate= 2 November 2013 |first=Seth|last=Mydans}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=Burmanet » Kachin News Group: KDA transformed to militia groups by Burma junta|url=http://www.burmanet.org/news/2010/01/21/kachin-news-group-kda-transformed-to-militia-groups-by-burma-junta/|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=www.burmanet.org}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=Karenni National People's Liberation Front |url=http://archive-1.mizzima.com/news/54-archives/election-center/ethnic-profiles/3760-karenni-national-peoples-liberation-front}}
40. ^{{cite book|last1=Steinberg|first1=David I.|title=Burma: The State of Myanmar|date=2001|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=1589012852|page=195|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=CSTuWZ0BMmMC|accessdate=10 March 2018|language=en}}
41. ^{{cite book|last1=Colletta|first1=Nat J.|last2=Lim|first2=Teck Ghee|last3=Kelles-Viitanen|first3=Anita|title=Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development|date=2001|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821348741|page=310|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=64Fvi7j42wMC|accessdate=10 March 2018|language=en}}
42. ^{{cite news|title=Ceasefire celebration noticeably absent|url=http://monnews.org/2010/06/29/ceasefire-celebration-noticeably-absent/|accessdate=2 January 2016|work=Independent Mon News Agency|agency=Independent Mon news Agency|date=29 June 2010}}
43. ^The Irrawaddi - Precarious Peace in Monland
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive-1.mizzima.com/news/54-archives/election-center/ethnic-profiles/3752-new-democratic-army-kachin|title=New Democratic Army - Kachin|work=Mizzima News}}
45. ^Schmid, Alex Peter, A.J. Jongman, and Michael Stohl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NgDks1hUjhMC&pg=PA514 Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, and Literature]. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2005. p. 514
46. ^1 {{cite book|last=Pho Kan Kaung|title=The Danger of Rohingya|date=May 1992|publisher=Myet Khin Thit Magazine No. 25|isbn=|pages=87–103}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Rohingya Solidarity Organization {{!}} Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/rohingyasolidarityorganization/|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=24 December 2016}}
48. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100601200223/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77507 Chronology for Shans in Burma]
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/vigorous-burmese-student-warriors|title=Vigorous Burmese Student Warriors|publisher=Tracking Terrorism}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Stakeholders: UNFC {{!}} Myanmar Peace Monitor|url=http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/stakeholders/unfc|website=mmpeacemonitor.org|publisher=Myanmar Peace Monitor|accessdate=12 March 2018|language=en-gb}}

External links

  • Myanmar Peace Monitor – NGO based in Chaing Mai, Thailand that monitors Myanmar's ongoing peace process.
  • Pyidaungsu Institute – Political institute based in Chaing Mai, Thailand focused on achieving political stability and peace in Myanmar.
{{Insurgent groups in Myanmar}}{{Myanmar topics}}

5 : History of Myanmar|Internal conflict in Myanmar|Politics of Myanmar|Paramilitary organisations based in Myanmar|Rebel groups in Myanmar
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