“List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic

释义

Dating
Orthodoxy
Society/government
Trading
Household
Other
References
Further reading

{{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes|date=January 2019}}{{orphan|date=January 2019}}}}{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}

This is a list of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic (or its dialects where particularly ts–ch are merged) during 8th–13th centuries.

Dating

Sound changes in OES^[1]
After	Before	State	Examples
...	800^±50	liquid diphthongs	xolpъ : kalps [kal̃ps], xormъ : kārms
...	...	...	у : uo (older), у : ū (younger), у : u
825^±25	...	no nasals	ѫ : uo (older), ѫ : ū (younger) ѧ : ē [ę̃]
...	988?	yat	ѣ : ē [ę̃] (older), ѣ : ie (younger)
...	1150	yers	ь : i, ъ : u
1150	1250	yers fall	ь₀/ъ₀ : _, ь₁ : ?, ъ₁ : ?

Orthodoxy

крьстъ: krusts [krists] "cross". Possibly 'u' from Latin crux "cross".
божьница: baznīca [baznîca] "church".
говѣти: gavēt [gavêt] "to fast"
грамота: grāmata [grãmata] "book"
грѣхъ: grēks [grę̀ks] "sin"
хоругꙑ: karogs [karuõgs] "flag, banner"
недѣлꙗ: nedēļa [nedẽļa] "week"
свѧтъкъ [свꙗтокъ]: svētki [svę̀tki] "holiday, celebration"
свѧтъ: svēts [svę̀ts] "holy, sacred"
звонъ: zvans "bell"
поганъ: pagãns "pagan, heathen". Alternatively from Latin.

Society/government

рубежь: robeža [rùobeža] "border, frontier"
сѫдъ: sods [sùods] "penalty, punishment". In Old East Slavic 'ѫ' regularly merged to 'у'.
тълкъ: tulks [tũlks, tul̃ks] "interpreter, translator"
погостъ: pagasts "parish?"
право: prāva [prāvas] "lawsuit?"
пълкъ: pulks [pùlks, pul̂ks] "regiment"
страдати: strādāt [stràdât] "to work"
человѣкъ [чьловѣкъ]: cilvēks [cìlvę̃ks] "human, person"
мѣсто: miẽsts "village"
боꙗринъ: bajãrs "boyar"
сѫди: sùoģis "judge"

Trading

търгъ: tirgus [tìrgus] "market". Unless related ('ъ' > 'u' is expected).
безмѣнъ: bezmēns [bęzmę̄ns, vęzmę̄ns] "steelyard"
цѣна: cena "price"
мꙑто: muita [muĩta] "customs (duty)"
скупъ: skops [skùops] "stingy, miserly"

Household

кожухъ: kažoks [kažuõks] "fur coat"
мѫка: mokas [muõkas] "torment, agony"
сума: soma [suoma] "bag"
истъба: istaba [istuba, ustaba, ustuba] "room (building)"
дуда: dūdas [dũda] "bagpipe"
котьлъ: katls "boiler"
кꙑсель: ķīselis "kissel"
мѧтьлъ: mētelis [mètelis] "coat (garment)"
сапогъ [забогъ]: zābaks (zàbaks) "boot (footwear)".
жьзлъ: zizlis [zizls] "wand, baton"
ножь: nazis "knife"
стькло: stikls "glass"

Other

Кривъ: krìevs "Russian (person)". Compare Russian кривичи "Krivichs".
пустъ: posts [puõsts]
богатъ: bagāts [bagâts] "rich, wealthy"
думати: domāt [duõmât] "to think"
дума: doma [duõma] "thought, idea, opinion"
умъ: oma [uôma] "mood (mind)". Or at least partly inherited.
сулити: solīt [sùolît] "to promise"
хꙑтръ: neķītrs "obscene, dirty, lewd"
поваръ: pavārs [pavãrs] "cook"
капуста: kāposti [kàpuõsts] "cabbage"
сѣра: sērs [sę̃rs] "sulfur"
бѣда: bēda [bę̀da] "sorrow, grief"

References

1. ^{{cite journal|first1=Jan Ivar|last1=Bjørnflaten|year=2006 |title=Chronologies of the Slavicization of Northern Russia Mirrored by Slavic Loanwords in Finnic and Baltic |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh27/pdf/index.htm |journal=Slavica Helsingiensia|volume=27|page=65–69}}

{{cite book|first1=Steven|last1=Young|title=Stressing the past: Papers on Baltic and Slavic accentology|chapter=Tone in Latvian borrowings from Old Russian|chapter-url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=v_h1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|page=177|year=2009|publisher=BRILL}}
{{cite book|year=2005|page=18—21|first=Boris|last=Infantyev|chapter=Заимствования в латышском из русского|title=Балто-славянские культурные связи|location=Riga|publisher=Vedi}}