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词条 List of literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)
释义

  1. Selected examples

  2. See also

  3. References

Literary descriptions of cities (also known as urban descriptiones) form a literary genre that originated in Ancient Greek epideictic rhetoric.[1][2][3][4] They can be prose or poetry. Many take the form of an urban eulogy (variously referred to as an encomium urbis, laudes urbium, encomium civis, laus civis, laudes civitatum; or in English: urban or city encomium, panegyric, laudation or praise poem) which praise their subject.[2][3][4][8] Laments to a city's past glories are sometimes also included in the genre.[3][4] Descriptiones often mix topographical information with abstract material on the spiritual and legal aspects of the town or city, and with social observations on its inhabitants.[1][4] They generally give a more extended treatment of their urban subject than is found in an encyclopedia or general geographical work. Influential examples include Benedict's Mirabilia Urbis Romae of around 1143.[1]

The Greek rhetorician Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in the first century AD, was the first to prescribe the form of a eulogy to a city in detail. Features he touches on include the city's location, size and beauty; the qualities of its river; its temples and secular buildings; its origin and founder, and the acts of its citizens.[3] The Roman rhetorician Quintilian expounds on the form later in the first century, stressing praise of the city's founder and prominent citizens, as well as the city's site and location, fortifications and public works such as temples.[2][8] The third-century rhetorician Menander expands on the guidelines further, including advice on how to turn a city's bad points into advantages.[3] These works were probably not directly available to medieval writers,[1] but the form is outlined in many later grammar primers, including those by Donatus and Priscian.[2][3][3] Priscian's Praeexercitamina, a translation into Latin of a Greek work by Hermogenes, was a particular influence on medieval authors.[3]

Surviving late Roman examples of descriptiones include Ausonius's Ordo Nobilium Urbium, a fourth-century Latin poem that briefly describes thirteen cities including Milan and Bordeaux.[1][3] Rutilius Namatianus's De reditu suo is a longer poem dating from the early fifth century that includes a section praising Rome.[3]

Numerous medieval examples have survived, mainly but not exclusively in Latin, the earliest dating from the eighth century.[1][3] They adapt the classical form to Christian theology.[1][2][3][3] The form was popularised by widely circulated guidebooks intended for pilgrims.[1] Common topics include the city walls and gates, markets, churches and local saints; descriptiones were sometimes written as a preface to the biography of a saint.[1] The earliest examples are in verse. The first known prose example was written in around the tenth century, and later medieval examples were more often written in prose.[1] Milan and Rome are the most frequent subjects, and there are also examples describing many other Italian cities.[1] Outside Italy, pre-1400 examples are known for Chester, Durham, London, York and perhaps Bath in England,[1][2][4][39] Newborough in Wales,[2] and Angers, Paris and Senlis in France.[1][42] The form spread to Germany in the first half of the 15th century, with Nuremberg being the most commonly described city.[43]

J. K. Hyde, who surveyed the genre in 1966, considers the evolution of descriptiones written before 1400 to reflect "the growth of cities and the rising culture and self-confidence of the citizens", rather than any literary progression.[1] Later medieval examples tend to be more detailed and less generic than early ones, and to place an increasing emphasis on secular over religious aspects. For example, Bonvesin della Riva's 1288 description of Milan, De Magnalibus Urbis Mediolani, contains a wealth of detailed facts and statistics about such matters as local crops. These trends were continued in Renaissance descriptiones, which flourished from the early years of the 15th century,[1] especially after the popularisation of the printing press from the middle of that century.[5]

Selected examples

The following chronological list presents urban descriptions and eulogies written before the end of the 14th century, based mainly on the reviews of Hyde[1] and Margaret Schlauch,[4] with a selection from the many examples written from 1400 to 1550.

TitleDateAuthorCityCountryFormatLanguageNotes
Ordo Nobilium Urbium{{Hs>350 !}}4th century Ausonius Various Poetry Latin [1][4]
De reditu suo{{Hs>425 !}}Early 5th century Rutilius Namatianus Rome Italy Poetry Latin [4]
Laudes Mediolanensis civitatis{{Hs>738 !}}~738 Milan Italy Poetry Latin Or Versum de Mediolano civitate [1][4][54]
Poema de Pontificibus et Sanctis Eboracensis Ecclesiae{{Hs>782 !}}Early or mid-780s Alcuin York England Poetry Latin [4][6]
Versus de Destructione Aquileiae{{Hs>785 !}}Late 8th century Paulinus of Aquileia or Paul the Deacon Aquileia Italy Poetry Latin Attribution disputed[4][7]
Laudes Veronensis Civitatis{{Hs>801 !}}796–806 Verona Italy Poetry Latin Or Veronae rhythmica, Versus de Verona[1][4][7]
The Ruin{{Hs>800 !}}8th – late 9th century An unnamed Roman spa, probably Bath England Poetry Old English Date uncertain; subject has also been suggested to be Chester or a town near Hadrian's Wall[8][9]
Versus de Aquilegia{{Hs>850 !}}844–855 Aquileia Italy Poetry Latin [4]
De Situ Civitatis Mediolani{{Hs>890 !}}~780–1000 Milan Italy Prose Latin Or De situ urbis Mediolanensis[1]
Durham{{Hs>1100 !}}Mid-11th century to ~1107 Durham England Poetry Old English Or De situ Dunelmi; date disputed[4][8][10]
Liber Pergaminus{{Hs>1122 !}}1112–33 Moses de Brolo Bergamo Italy Poetry Latin [1]
Mirabilia Urbis Romae{{Hs>1141 !}}~1140–43 Benedict Rome Italy Prose Latin [1][4]
Descriptio Nobilissimae Civitatis Londoniae{{Hs>1173 !}}1173–74 William Fitzstephen London England Prose Latin Or Descriptio Nobilissimi Civitatis Londoniae[1][2][4][42]
De mirabilibus urbis Romae{{Hs>1175 !}}1150–1200 Master Gregory Rome Italy Latin [1][4]
De laude Cestrie{{Hs>1195 !}}~1195 Lucian of Chester Chester England Prose Latin Or Liber Luciani de laude Cestrie[1][3][42]
In Ymagines historiarum{{Hs>1200 !}}~1180–1200 Ralph de Diceto Angers Angevin Empire Prose Latin [11]
Graphia Aureae Urbis Romae{{Hs>1217 !}}~1154–1280 Rome Italy Latin [1]
De Laude Civitatis Laude{{Hs>1256 !}}~1253–59 An unnamed Franciscan Lodi Italy Poetry Latin [1]
De Magnalibus Urbis Mediolani{{Hs>1288 !}}1288 Bonvesin della Riva Milan Italy Prose Latin [1]
De Mediolano Florentissima Civitate{{Hs>1316 !}}~1316 Benzo d'Alessandria Milan Italy Prose Latin [1]
Visio Egidii Regis Patavii{{Hs>1318 !}}~1318 Giovanni da Nono Padua Italy Prose Latin [1]
Recommentatio Civitatis Parisiensis{{Hs>1323 !}}1323 Paris France Prose Latin [1]
Tractatus de Laudibus Parisius{{Hs>1323 !}}1323 Jean de Jandun Paris, Senlis France Prose Latin Written in response to Recommentatio Civitatis Parisiensis[1]
Libellus de Descriptione Papie{{Hs>1330 !}}1330 Opicino de Canistris Pavia Italy Prose Latin Or Liber de laudibus civitatis Ticinensis[1]
Polistoria de virtutibus et dotibus Romanorum{{Hs>1333 !}}1320–46 Giovanni Caballini Rome Italy Prose Latin [12][13]
Cronaca Extravagans{{Hs>1334 !}}1329–39 Galvano Fiamma Milan Italy Prose Latin Contains material from Bonvesin della Riva's text[1]
Cronica Book XI{{Hs>1338 !}}1338 Giovanni Villani Florence Italy Prose Italian [1]
Florentie Urbis et Reipublice Descriptio{{Hs>1339 !}}1339 Florence Italy Prose Latin Manuscript is untitled[1]
Cywydd Rhosyr{{Hs>1350 !}}Mid 14th century Dafydd ap Gwilym Newborough Wales Poetry Welsh Date and attribution uncertain[2][14]
Laudatio florentinae urbis{{Hs>1400 !}}~1400 Leonardo Bruni Florence Italy Prose Latin [1]
Laudatio Urbis Romae et Constantinopolis{{Hs>1411 !}}~1411 Manuel Chrysoloras Rome Italy Prose Greek [98]
"O wunnikliches Paradis"{{Hs>1420 !}}1414–18 or after 1430 Oswald von Wolkenstein Konstanz Holy Roman Empire Poetry German Von Wolkenstein also wrote poems on other cities, including Nuremberg and Augsberg[99]
Descriptio urbis Romae eiusque excellentiae{{Hs>1430 !}}~1430 Niccolò Signorili Rome Italy Prose Latin [15][16]
Roma instaurata{{Hs>1446 !}}1446 Flavio Biondo Rome Italy Prose Latin [16][17][18]
Lobspruch auf Nürnberg{{Hs>1447 !}}1447 Hans Rosenplüt (de) Nuremberg Germany Poetry German [5][12][107]
Ye Solace of Pilgrimes{{Hs>1450 !}}~1450 John Capgrave Rome Italy Prose Middle English [19]
Canmol Croesoswallt{{Hs>1450 !}}Mid 15th century Guto'r Glyn Oswestry England Poetry Welsh [2][14][20]
I Varedydd ab Hywel ab Morus, ac i Drev Croes Oswallt{{Hs>1450 !}}Mid 15th century Lewys Glyn Cothi Oswestry England Poetry Welsh [2][14]
"Y ddewistref ddiestron"{{Hs>1450 !}}Mid 15th century Ieuan ap Gruffudd Leiaf Conwy Wales Poetry Welsh [2][14]
Die Bamberger Traktate{{Hs>1452 !}}1452 Albrecht von Eyb Bamberg Germany Latin [5]
"[What a splendid appearance this city presents!]"{{Hs>1455 !}}Late 1450s Enea Silvio Piccolomini Nuremberg Germany Prose Latin [12][107]
Lobspruch auf Bamberg{{Hs>1459 !}}~1459 Hans Rosenplüt (de) Bamberg Germany Poetry German [5]
Brodyr aeth i Baradwys{{Hs>1475 !}}Late 15th century Ieuan ap Huw Cae Llwyd (cy) Brecon Wales Poetry Welsh [2][14]
"Cistiau da, 'n costio dierth"{{Hs>1485 !}}End of the 15th century Tudur Aled Oswestry England Poetry Welsh [2][14]
Lobspruch auf Nürnberg{{Hs>1491 !}}~1490–92 Kunz Has Nuremberg Germany Poetry German [5][12][107]
De origine, situ, moribus et institutis Norimbergae{{Hs>1493 !}}~1492–96 Conrad Celtis Nuremberg Germany Prose Latin [5][12][21]
To the City of London{{Hs>1501 !}}~1501 Sometimes attributed to William Dunbar London England Poetry English Or In Honour of the City of London[2]
Tractatus de civitate Ulmensi{{Hs>1502 !}}By 1502 Felix Fabri Ulm Germany Latin [5]
Blyth Aberdeane{{Hs>1511 !}}~1511 William Dunbar Aberdeen Scotland Poetry Middle Scots [2]
Ein Lobspruch der statt Nürnberg{{Hs>1530 !}}~1530 Hans Sachs Nuremberg Germany Poetry German Sachs also wrote praise poems to Salzburg (1549), Munich (1565), Frankfurt (1568) and Hamburg (1569)[5][12][22][21]
Ein Lobspruch der Hochloeblichen weitberuembten Khuenigklichen Stat Wienn in Osterreich{{Hs>1547 !}}1547 Wolfgang Schmeltzl (de) Vienna Austria Poetry German [5]

See also

  • Guide book
  • Travel literature

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 {{citation |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m2881&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF |title=Medieval descriptions of cities |author=JK Hyde |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |year=1966 |volume=48 |pages=308–40 }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{citation |jstor=40732051 |title=The Encomium Urbis in Medieval Welsh Poetry |author=Helen Fulton |journal=Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium |volume=26/27 |pages=54–72 |year=2006–2007 |subscription=yes }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycQmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 |author= Mark Faulkner |chapter=The Spatial Hermeneutics of Lucian's De Laude Cestrie |title=Mapping the Medieval City: Space, Place and Identity in Chester, c. 1200–1600 |editor=Catherine AM Clarke (ed.) |year=2011 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=1783164611 }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 {{citation |jstor=27704714 |author=Margaret Schlauch |title=An Old English "Encomium Urbis" |journal=Journal of English and Germanic Philology |year=1941 |volume=40 |pages=14–28 |registration=yes }}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{citation |url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m2246&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF |title=The portrayal of towns in sixteenth-century German Volksbŭcher |author=David Blamires |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=72 |year=1990 |pages=49–61 }}
6. ^{{citation |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/298 |title=Alcuin (c.740–804) |author=D. A. Bullough |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/298 }}
7. ^1 2 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eifJKt02ELkC&pg=PA183 |title=From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy, AD 300–800 |author=Neil Christie |year=2006 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=183–85 |isbn=1859284213 }}
8. ^1 2 {{citation |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucmgcab/ruinandaldhelm.pdf |title=In Search of Lost Time: Aldhelm and The Ruin |author=Christopher Abram |journal= Quaestio (Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic) |year=2000 |volume=1 |pages=23–44 }}
9. ^{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxTIwNEBZ_cC&pg=PA15 |title=The Old English Elegies: A Critical Edition and Genre Study |author=Anne L. Klinck |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |year=2001 |pages=15–16, 61–63 |isbn=0773522417 }}
10. ^{{citation |jstor=27714086 |title=The Date of Durham (Carmen de Situ Dunelmi) |author=H. S. Offler |journal=Journal of English and Germanic Philology |year=1962 |volume=61 |pages=591–94 |registration=yes }}
11. ^1 2 3 {{citation |jstor=2851214 |doi=10.2307/2851214 |title=Realistic Observation in Twelfth-Century England |author=Antonia Gransden |journal=Speculum |year=1972 |volume=47 |pages=29–51 |registration=yes }}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSiyjwkh5FwC&pg=PA567 |chapter=Hans Sachs and his Encomia Songs on German Cities: Zooming Into and Out of Urban Space from a Poetic Perspective. With a Consideration of Hartmann Schedel's Liber Chronicarum (1493) |author=Albrecht Classen |title=Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age |editor=Albrecht Classen (ed.) |pages=567–94 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2009 |isbn=3110223899 }}
13. ^{{citation |jstor=30222468 |title=Reviewed Work: Polistoria de virtutibus et dotibus Romanorum by Ioannis Caballini de Cerronibus |author= Daniel Williman |journal=International Journal of the Classical Tradition |year=1999 |volume=5 |pages=489–91 |registration=yes }}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VCuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |chapter=Towns in Medieval Welsh Poetry |author=Dafydd Johnston |title=Urban Culture in Medieval Wales |editor=Helen Fulton (ed.) |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2012 |isbn=0708323529 |pages=95–116 }}
15. ^1 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uQYq9uMoOsC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72 |title=The Renaissance in Rome |author=Charles L. Stinger |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1998 |pages=72–75 |isbn=0253334918}}
16. ^1 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQfeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264&lpg=PA264 |title=Reviving the Eternal City |author=Elizabeth McCahill |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2013 |pages=21, 26–33, 169–181 |isbn=0674726154}}
17. ^{{citation|jstor=20680045 |author=Ruth Elisabeth Kritzer |title=Renaissance Rome Descriptions in Comparison |year=2010 |journal=Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance |volume=72 |pages=113–25 |registration=yes }}
18. ^{{citation|jstor=10.1086/669350 |author=Jeffrey A. White |title=Reviewed Work: Rome Restaurée: Roma Instaurata, Tome II Livres II et III by Flavio Biondo |year=2012 |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=65 |pages=1169–70 |registration=yes }}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSiyjwkh5FwC&pg=PA147 |chapter=The Dead and the Living: Some Medieval Descriptions of the Ruins and Relics of Rome Known to the English |author=C. David Benson |title=Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age |editor=Albrecht Classen (ed.) |pages=147–182 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2009 |isbn=3110223899 }}
20. ^{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egCuWwmg1O0C&pg=PA100 |title=A Life of Guto'r Glyn |author= E. A. Rees |year=2008 |publisher=Y Lolfa |pages=100–3 |isbn=086243971X}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnBVEg8t4TcC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16 |title=Nuremberg: The Imaginary Capital |author=Stephen Brockmann |year=2006 |publisher=Camden House |pages=16–19 |isbn=1571133453 }}
22. ^1 {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSiyjwkh5FwC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76 |chapter=Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age: Historical, Mental, Cultural, and Social-Economic Investigations |author=Albrecht Classen |title=Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age |editor=Albrecht Classen (ed.) |pages=75–81, 136–37 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2009 |isbn=3110223899 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)}}

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