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词条 List of lynching victims in the United States
释义

  1. References

{{main|Lynching in the United States}}{{Expand list|date=December 2018}}Names added to this list must be linked to an article about the case. Otherwise they will be deleted. Consider writing an article, if there is none.

All names added here must also be entered in Lynching in the United States.

This is a sortable table. Click on the heading you want it sorted by. Complex sorts are possible. For example, to produce a list sorted by state, and then alphabetically by county/parish within the state, and if there is more than one in a county, by last name — click first on the Name tabh, then County/Parish tab, then State. One clicks first on the narrowest sort (by last names within a county), then by more general (counties/parishes), and finally the most general (states).

Name Age Ethnicity City County or Parish State Year Accusation Comment
Gilmer, Bill African-American Memphis Shelby Tennessee 1879 Shot attorney Thomas J. Wood Shot. Gilmer was accused of shooting Wood who had whipped Gilmer for using offensive language near his wife.[1][2]
Thompson, Shedrick (also spelled "Shamrock) 39 African-American rural Fauquier Virginia 1932 Assault and rape.
Lang, Ed African-American Rice Navarro Texas 1916 "Attacking a young woman." Taken from a sheriff's posse and hung.[3]
James, John Henry adult African-American Charlottesville (near) Albemarle Virginia 1898 Rape
Wright, Charles
Young, Arthur[4]
one other		 African-American Perry Taylor Florida 1922 Murder of white teacher Wright was taken from sheriff by a large mob, tortured into confession, and burned at the stake. Arthur Young was later taken from the jail and he and another man were shot and hanged. Several African American community buildings and homes were burned in the Perry race riot.
Scott, Henry Negro Bartow Polk Florida 1920, May 8 He asked a white woman to wait until he had prepared another woman's train berth Shot[5]
Moore's Ford lynchings (George W. and Mae Murray Dorsey; Roger and Dorothy Malcom) adults African-American Walton Georgia 1946 Stabbing of a white man (Roger Malcom) Huge investigation. 2003 and 2016 books on this investigation. No one charged.
Hamilton, Eugene African-American Jasper Georgia 1919 Convicted by all-white jury of attempting to shoot a white farmer; case before Georgia Court of Appeals. [6]{{rp>233–234}}
Booker, Paul African-American Macon (near) Bibb Georgia 1919, November 3 Attacking a white woman. [6]{{rp>241}}
Jameson, Jordan African-American Magnolia Columbia Arkansas 1919, November 11 Killing a sheriff. [6]{{rp>241}}
Watt, W.W. White Newport News N/A Virginia 1900 Assault Shot[6]
Walters, Lemuel African-American Longview Gregg Texas 1919 Making "indecent advances" to a white woman.
Holden, George African-American Monroe (near) Ouachita Louisiana 1919 [7]{{rp>18}}
Wilkins, Willie African-American Jenkins Georgia 1919 Friend of man believed to have killed lawman.[7]{{rp>8}}
Ruffin, John African-American Jenkins Georgia 1919 Son of man believed to have killed lawman.[7]{{rp>7–8}}
Ruffin, Henry African-American Jenkins Georgia 1919 Son of man believed to have killed lawman.[7]{{rp>7–8}}
Woods, Eliza "Colored" Jackson Madison Tennessee 1886 Supposedly poisoning her employer. Taken from the county jail, stripped naked, hung up in the courthouse yard and her body riddled with bullets and left exposed to view.[8]
Gause, Anderson African-American Henning Lauderdale Tennessee 1900 Aided escapees [6]
Conorly, Huie 16 African-American Bogalusa Washington Louisiana 1884 Attempted rape [9]
Pete, Dago African-American Tutwiler Tallahatchie Mississippi 1900 Assaulted colored woman Killed by negro mob[6]
Nelson, Laura African-American Okemah Okfuskee Oklahoma 1911 Shooting a sheriff. Gang-raped and lynched together with her son, 14, after trying to protect him during a meat-pilfering investigation.[10]
Fambro, William African-American Griffin Spalding Georgia 1903 Insulted white home [11]
Banks, Isadore African-American Marion Crittenden Arkansas 1954 Being prosperous [12]
Unknown male African-American Marion Crittenden Arkansas 1930s Teaching the black children of Marked Tree, Arkansas to read Burned, sign posted "run niggers run!".[13]
Champion, Tony
Kelly, Michael 		African-American,
White (Irish) 		Gainesville Alachua Florida 1891 Murder Taken together from jail by mob and hanged.[14]
Ford, Andrew African-American Gainesville Alachua Florida 1891 Beating a man, aiding Harmon Murray Taken from jail by mob and hanged.[14]
Hinson, Henry African-American Micanopy Alachua Florida 1892 Murder Hanged.[14]
Unknown boy African-American Waldo Alachua Florida 1892 Suspicion of burglary and incendiarism Hanged.[14]
Willis, Charles African-American Rochelle Alachua Florida 1894 "Desperado" Shot and burned in bed.[14]
Rawls, William African-American Newnansville Alachua Florida 1895 Murder Hanged and shot.[14]
Daniels, Alfred African-American Gainesville Alachua Florida 1896 Suspicion of arson (barn burning) (no evidence) Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.[14]
Price, Manny,
Scruggs, Robert 		African-American Newberry Alachua Florida 1902 Murder,
suspected accomplice 		Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.[14]
Clark, Jumbo African-American High Springs Alachua Florida 1904 Assault of 14 year old white girl Taken by mob on way to jail, hanged and shot.[14]
Long, Jack White Newberry Alachua Florida 1908 Murder Hanged.[14]
White, Henry African-American Campville Alachua Florida 1913 Found under white woman's bed Hanged, noose broke, shot.[14]
Newberry Six lynchings (Baskins, Rev. Josh J.,
Dennis, Bert,
Dennis, James,
Dennis, Mary,
McHenry, Andrew, and
Young, Stella) 		adults African-American Newberry Alachua Florida 1916 Helping a man who had shot and killed a constable James Dennis was shot. The others were hanged. Mary Dennis had two children and was pregnant. Stella Young had four children.[14][15]
Wilson, Abraham African-American Newberry Alachua Florida 1923 Cattle stealing Serving 6 month sentence when taken from jail and hanged.[14][16]
Buddington, George 55 African-American Waldo Alachua Florida 1926 Attempted to collect debt from a white woman at gunpoint Mob broke lock on jail, took Buddington out of town and shot him to death.[14][17]
Martin, Albert 23 African-American Port Huron St. Clair Michigan 1889 Assault and rape A mob broke into his jail cell with sledge hammers, dragged him from the jail with a noose around his neck, beat and shot him to death, then hanged his corpse from a bridge.[18][19]
Pyszko, Marian 54 Polish Jew Detroit Wayne Michigan 1975 He was white and was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Killed by negro youths who wanted a white victim.
Puryear, Richard African-American Stroudsburg Monroe Pennsylvania 1894 Murder Lynched by a mob after escaping from jail.[18][20]
Campbell, John Native-American Mankato Blue Earth, Nicollet, and Le Sueur Minnesota 1865 Murder Lynched by a mob after an extrajudicial "trial".[18][21]
Taylor, John 17 African-American Mason Ingham Michigan 1866 attempted murder of his employer's wife following a wage dispute John was a former slave, and had been a teenage soldier for the Union. A mob dragged him from a jail, tortured him and hanged him from a tree, and mutilated and decapitated his body; no one was prosecuted. In 2018 a local park was named the "John Taylor Memorial Park" after him.[18][22]
Green, Ernest, and Charlie Lang 14, 15 African-American Shubuta ("hanging bridge") Clarke Mississippi 1942 Attempted rape. [23]{{rp>101}}
Johnson, Ed Adult African-American Chattanooga Hamilton Tennessee 1906 Rape of white woman Sheriff and two others sentenced to 6 months in jail, three others with 3 months, for abetting the lynching. Only criminal case ever with direct involvement of the U.S. Supreme Court; see United States v. Shipp
Clark, Andrew and Major; Alma and Maggie House 16, 20, 16, 20 African-American Shubuta ("hanging bridge") Clarke Mississippi 1918 Alleged murder of dentist Dentist had affairs with both sisters, who were pregnant, likely with his child; the brothers had romantic interest in the girls. After the lynching the babies were seen squirming in their mothers bellies.[24]
Porter, Nevlin African-American Starkville Oktibbeha Mississippi 1897 Arson [25]
Spencer, Johnson African-American Starkville Oktibbeha Mississippi 1897 Arson [26]
Clark, James African-American Eau Gallie Brevard Florida 1926 Rape of a white girl No attempt to verify crime nor identify murderers:Last known lynching in Brevard County[27][28]
Harrington, Levi African-American Kansas City Jackson Missouri 1882 Killing a police officer Newspapers reported he was innocent, but no one was held accountable for the lynching.[29][30][31][32]
Mingo Jack 66 African-American Eatontown Monmouth New Jersey 1886 Rape of a white woman All suspects acquitted.[33][34]
Williams, Elbert African-American Brownsville Haywood Tennessee 1940 Registering to vote and starting an NAACP chapter. Last lynching in Tennessee.[35]
Brown, Will 41 African-American Omaha Douglas Nebraska 1919 Rape Part of the Omaha race riot of 1919
Outlaw, Wyatt African-American Graham Alamance North Carolina 1870 Prominent local figure (no crime alleged) 63 indictments, but the North Carolina Legislature, to end their cases, repealed the law they were charged with violating.[36]
Stephens, John W. 35 White Yancyville Caswell North Carolina 1870 State senator who worked to help freedmen Ku Klux Klan; no one charged.
McChristian, Perry White Grenada Grenada Mississippi 1885 Murder of white peddler [37]
Williams, Felix White Grenada Grenada Mississippi 1885 Murder of white peddler [37]
James, Bartley African-American Grenada Grenada Mississippi 1885 Suspicion of murder of white peddler [37]
Campbell, John African-American Grenada Grenada Mississippi 1885 Suspicion of murder of white peddler [37]
Williams, Eugene African-American Chicago Cook Illinois 1919 Racial unrest A white officer refused to arrest the murderer, and instead arrested a black man who complained about it.[38]
Robinson, Robert African-American ChicagoCook Illinois 1919 He was black, and they wanted to kill a black Robinson was an Army Reserve veteran.[39]
Ashley, Bob African-American Dublin Laurens Georgia 1919 Hoped to shoot someone else A group of men thought another man might be inside Ashley's house, so they shot into the house, mortally wounding Ashley.[40]
Wright, Cleo African-American Sikeston Scott Missouri 1942 Home invasion, attempted murder, attempted rape, resisting arrest Around 100 black people left Sikeston and never returned.[41]
Walters, Lemuel African-American Longview Gregg Texas 1919 Consensual sex with white woman The report of the affair and the subsequent coverup led to the Longview riots.[42]
Richards, Benny African-American Warrenton Warren Georgia 1919 Accused of murdering his ex-wife and shooting 5 others 300 men lynched Richards, a farmer.[43][44]
Clay, Lloyd African-American Vicksburg Warren Mississippi 1919 False rape accusation 1000 men broke through three steel doors to abduct Clay from jail before hanging, shooting, and burning him.[45]
Prince, Henry African-American Hawkinsville Pulaski Georgia 1919 [46]
Waters, Jim African-American Johnson Georgia 1919 Rape accusation Investigation closed in one hour with no witnesses interviewed.[47]
Livingston, Frank African-American El Dorado Union Arkansas 1919 False murder accusation One of many returning WW I veterans lynched in 1919.[48]
Miller, William African-American Brighton Jefferson Alabama 1908 Labor activist Jefferson County had the highest number of lynchings in Alabama (29).[49]
Washington, Berry 72 African-American Milan Dodge and Telfair Georgia 1919 Defended black girls from white home invaders. Many black homes burned to discourage citizens from coming forward[50]
Chaney, James 21 African-American Philadelphia Neshoba Mississippi 1964 Civil rights worker A federal jury in 1967 convicted the sheriff and six others of conspiracy to violate civil rights; they received minor punishment. A state jury in 2005 found the Ku Klux Klan organizer, Edgar Ray Killen, guilty of three counts of manslaughter; he died in prison. National outrage contributed to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Jordan, James adult African-American Waverly Sussex Virginia 1925 Married woman "attacked" in her home. The case and two others helped lead to the Virginia Anti-Lynching Law of 1928, the first state law against lynching.[51][52]
Armwood, George 23 African-American Princess Anne Somerset Maryland 1933 Attempted assault and rape Grand jury declined to indict any of the lynchers identified by State Police. Last lynching in Maryland.
Randolph, Sydney adult African-American Gaithersburg Montgomery Maryland 1896 Killing a white girl Taken from the jail by a mob.[53]
Taylor, George African-American Rolesville Wake North Carolina 1918 Rape of a white woman No charges were filed.[54] There is a Web site on this lynching.[55]
Carter, James African-American Amherst Amherst Virginia 1902 Unknown [56]
Divers, Emmett adult African-American Mexico Audrain Missouri 1893 Murder of a white woman "Horrible fury of the mob...500 horsemen." Hung from bridge until dead, taken down and hung a second time from a telegraph pole at the fairground, "at the request of the murdered woman's husband". Body and cabin burned.[57]
Estes, Siles African-American Hodgenville LaRue Kentucky 1901 "Forcing...a 15 year old boy...to commit a crime." [58]
Lundy, Dick adult African-American Edgefield Edgefield South Carolina 1891 Murder of son of sheriff Coroner's jury: "by persons unknown"
Steers, Jennie adult African-American rural area near Shreveport Caddo Louisiana 1903 Poisoning daughter of a planter[59]{{rp>70}}
(number > 16)}} adult men White Gainesville Cooke Texas 1862 Lynching, plus "legal" executions, of Union supporters by Confederate supporters Many lynched before trial was concluded. Prosecution of perpetrators "half-hearted"; only one convicted.[60][61]
Peterson, John adult African-American Denmark Bamberg (at the time, Barnwell County) South Carolina 1893 Attack on a white girl
Morris, Frank adult African-American Ferriday Concordia Louisiana 1964 "Flirting" with white females[62]{{rp>152}}
Byrd Jr., James 49 African-American Jasper Jasper Texas 1998 None (white supremacists) Dragged to death behind a car, until his head hit a culvert. Perpetrators convicted, one executed, one on death row, one to life imprisonment.
Young, Albert (or Arthur) 21 African-American Perry Taylor Florida 1922 Murder of a white schoolteacher Tortured, then burned alive
Reeb, James (Unitarian minister) 38 White Selma Dallas Alabama 1965 Northerner coming to help blacks; ate in "nigger" restaurant. Denied treatment in Selma for severe blow to head; condition deteriorated on the two-hour trip to a hospital that would treat him (in Birmingham, Alabama); died two days later. Four indicted; three acquitted by all-white juries, fourth fled to Mississippi and never faced trial. Huge national outcry. The Federal Voting Rights Act was passed within four months as a direct result of his lynching and the violent attacks on the Selma to Montgomery marchers.
McClelland, Brandon 23–24 African-American Paris Lamar Texas 2008 None (white supremacists) Dragged to death behind car. Prosecutor dropped charges, "lack of evidence".
Reed, Joseph African-American Nashville Davidson Tennessee 1875 Killing a police officer Taken out of his jail cell by an unmasked mob and hanged on a suspension bridge.[63]
Baker, Frazier B. 41 African-American Lake City Florence South Carollna 1898 Appointed Postmaster

Grand jury did not indict. Since it was a Federal crime (attack on a postmaster) there were 13 Federal indictments; no one convicted

Scott, James T. (Janitor at University of Missouri) African-American Columbia Boone Missouri 1923 Raping the white daughter of a professor. Before he could stand trial, a mob broke him out of jail and hanged him. The daughter would later identify a different man as her rapist. Jury found perpetrator innocent in 11 minutes. Memorial plaque erected 2016.[64][65]
Smith, Joseph (founder of Mormonism) and brother Hyram Smith 38,
44 		White Carthage Hancock Illinois 1844 Technically, treason against state of Illinois, but lynching was for religious views, especially plural marriage/polygamy. In jail awaiting trial. Five men were tried and acquitted.
McIntosh, Francis Adult African-American St. Louis N/A (independent city) Missouri 1836 Complicated, but culminating in death of one constable/deputy sheriff and wounding another Burned alive. Lynching had broad local support. Reported on by abolitionist editor Elijah Lovejoy, who was soon lynched himself.
White, George Adult African-American Wilmington New Castle Delaware 1903 Assaulting teenage girl and leaving her to die Taken from county workhouse and burned alive. No one was prosecuted.
Walker, Zachariah 20-24 African-American Coatesville Chester Pennsylvania 1911 Killing of a police officer, possibly in self-defense Taken from hospital room and burned alive. Fifteen men and teenage boys were indicted, but all were acquitted at trials.[66]
Moss, Tom Adult African-American Memphis Shelby Tennessee 1892 Complaint from competing white grocery store owner. So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B. Wells, whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.[67]
McDowell, Calvin Adult African-American Memphis Shelby Tennessee 1892 Complaint from competing white grocery store owner. So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B. Wells, whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.[67]
Clayton, Elias, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie 20-23 African-American Duluth St. Louis Minnesota 1920 Rape of a teenage girl Taken from jail by mob, given mock trials, beaten and hanged from light-post. No one was prosecuted.
Stewart, Will Adult African-American Memphis Shelby Tennessee 1892 Complaint from competing white grocery store owner. So-called Curve Riot (not a riot). Reported on by Ida B. Wells, whose newspaper was destroyed and had to leave the state.[67]
Holmes, John, and Thomas Thurmond 29
27		 White San Jose Santa Clara California 1933 Kidnapping and murder of department store heir Brooke Hart An estimated 10,000 people witnessed the lynching. California Governor James Rolph called the act "a fine lesson for the whole nation."[68]
Lovejoy, Elijah 35 White Alton Madison Illinois 1837 Abolitionist newspaper editor and publisher Had moved to Alton to escape violence in St. Louis. Four successive printing presses destroyed. "Not guilty" verdict; jury foreman member of mob.[69]
Miller, Amos 23 African-American Franklin Williamson Tennessee 1888 Assaulting a white woman Taken from the courthouse during his trial and lynched on the balcony railings.[70]
Taylor, Jim African-American Franklin Williamson Tennessee 1891 Shooting a policeman Taken from his jail cell by a mob and lynched on Murfreesboro Road.[71]
Higginbotham, Elwood 28 African-American Oxford Lafayette Mississippi 1935 Killed in self-defense a white man that attacked him after he complained about the white man's cattle running over his field. Killed when jury did not bring back guilty verdict promptly. Widow and extended family immediately left Mississippi.[72]
Thomas, Wade African-American Jonesboro Craighead Arkansas 1920 Killing a policeman Taken from jail by a mom, hung, then riddled with bullets.[73]
Patton, Nelse African-American Oxford Lafayette Mississippi 1908 Killing a white woman Prominent attorney and former U.S. Senator William V. Sullivan, in his own words, "led the mob...and I'm proud of it".[74][75][76]
Jones, David African-American Nashville Davidson Tennessee 1872 Murdering Henry Murray. Taken out of his prison cell and lynched by a mob on the public square.[77][78]
Grizzard, Ephraim African-American Nashville Davidson Tennessee 1892 Assaulting two white girls in Goodlettsville. Taken out of his prison cell and lynched on a bridge in Downtown Nashville in front of 10,000 onlookers. Later taken back to Goodlettsville.[79]
Smith, Samuel 15 African-American Nolensville Williamson Tennessee 1924 Stealing spark plugs in a garage. Taken out of his hospital room in Nashville and lynched by a mob of masked men where he was first caught.[80]
11 Italian Americans Italian-American New Orleans Orleans Louisiana 1891 Killing of police chief 3 had been acquitted; 3 had a mistrial; 5 never tried. Lynching organized by local leaders, including future mayor Walter C. Flower and future governor John M. Parker. Grand jury brought no charges.
Albano, Angelo and Castenge Ficarotta Italian Tampa Hillsborough County Florida 1910 Complicity in a shooting
Villarosa, Federico Italian Vicksburg Warren County Mississippi 1886 Assault of a white girl
Saladino, Lorenzo; Arena, Salvatore; Giuseppe Venturella 33-36, 27, 48 Italian Hahnville St. Charles Parish Louisiana 1896 Murder Saladino was accused of murdering a wealthy merchant. Arena and Venturella happened to have been in the same prison, accused of a different murder. All rounded up together and lynched to "teach the lawless Italians a salutary lesson." After the lynching, another person confessed to the murder for which Arena and Venturella had been lynched.
DiFatta brothers (Francesco, Carlo, and Giuseppe);
Cerami, Giovanni;
Rosario Fiducia 		Italian Tallulah Madison Parish Louisiana 1899 Shooting a doctor Sicilian immigrant grocery store owners, the DiFatta brothers, quarreled with a local doctor. The doctor fired his pistol at brother Carlo and was immediately shot and injured by brother Giuseppe. Sicilian immigrants Cerami and Fiducia were not involved in the dispute and had simply been nearby when the lynching occurred; they were rounded up and lynched alongside the DiFatta brothers because they were Italian.
Lewis, Sanford African-American Fort Smith Sebastian Arkansas 1912 Shooting a constable Five policemen fined $100 each for "nonfeasance of office". Entire police force fired. Mayor voted out. Man charged with lynching acquitted.[81]
Phifer, Miles (or Relius) African-American Montgomery Montgomery Alabama 1919 Assault of a white woman Was wearing military uniform[82]
Temple, Will African-American Montgomery Montgomery Alabama 1919 Killing a police officer [82]
Crosky, Robert African-American Montgomery Montgomery Alabama 1919 Assault of a white woman [82]
Heath, John 28 White Bisbee Cochise Arizona Territory 1884 Accessory to robbery Mob unsatisfied with lenient sentence
Williams, Matthew 23 African-American Salisbury Wicomico Maryland 1931 Killing his employer [114]{{rp>9–10}}
Walker, David, his wife and four children African-American Hickman Fulton Kentucky 1908 Using inappropriate language with a white woman [83]
Grant, George African-American Darien McIntosh Georgia 1930 [114]{{rp>10}}
Gunn, Raymond African-American Maryville Nodaway Missouri 1931 [114]{{rp>10}}
Lowry, Henry ("a negro sharecropper") African-American Nodena Mississippi Arkansas 1921 Asked for his wages [84]{{rp>3}}
Hose, Sam about 24 African-American Noonan Coweta Georgia 1899 Killed his white employer in self-defense. Accusations of rape added to incite lynching. Body parts for sale in a store. Widely publicized and privately investigated.
Hartfield, John African-American Ellisville Jones Mississippi 1919 Assaulting a young white woman [85] Ten thousand people answered the paper's invitation and they were addressed by the District Attorney, T. W. Wilson, while the lynching was going on."[84]{{rp>9}}
Richardson, Bunk African-American Gadsden Etowah Alabama 1906 Sentenced to death without being charged with any crime; Governor commuted it to life imprisonment. Mob seized him from the jail.
Heflin, Lee White Fauquier Virginia 1892 Convicted murderer Seized from police when they were trying to move him to a safer location.[121]
Wise, Mrs. African-American Frankfort (Frankford?) Virginia (West Virginia?) 1931 Objected to her daughter being taken out for "rides" with white Klansmen. [84]{{rp>8}}
Tillis, Dave African-American Crockett Houston Texas 1932 "Demanded an accounting from his landlord. Charged with 'entering the bedroom of a white woman'". [84]{{rp>4–5}}
Hughes, George African-American Sherman Grayson Texas 1930 Pled guilty to criminal assault. Courthouse stormed (during trial), burned down with Hughes locked in vault, fire hoses cut. Body then dragged behind car and hung, and fire lit under it. Followed by riot and destruction of black businesses. Two persons received two-year sentences for violence.[86]
Shorter, William 17 African-American Winchester N/A (independent city) Virginia 1893 Assault on a white woman [121]
Dye, Joseph White Fauquier Virginia 1892 Convicted murderer Seized from police when they were trying to move him to a safer location.[121]
Anderson, Orion African-American Leesburg Loudoun Virginia 1889 Hung from a derrick[121]
Bromley, H. Heathsville Northumberland Virginia 1955 [121]
Thompson, Allie African-American Culpeper Culpeper Virginia 1918 Assault [121]
Craven, Charles African-American Leesburg Loudoun Virginia 1902 Assault [121]
Thompson, Benjamin 20 African-American Alexandria N/A (independent city) Virginia 1899 Hung from a lamppost at Cameron and Lee Sts., site of several lynchings.[121]
Parker, John African-American Conway Faulkner Arkansas 1931 Stealing some peaches [84]{{rp>4}}
McCoy, Joseph 20 African-American Alexandria N/A (independent city) Virginia 1897 Assault on a young girl [87]
Fletcher, Magruder African-American Tasley Accomack Virginia 1889 [87]
Adam African-American Tampa Hillsborough Florida 1859 A white man was murdered; "in keeping with local custom, a slave man was selected to be killed in retribution". State Supreme Court overturned conviction. [88]{{rp>269}}
Abram|Smith}}[89] 19 African-American Marion Grant Indiana 1930 Accessory to homicide during holdup of white man; rumors of rape No charges filed.
Joe|Coe}} ("A married man with two children") African-American Omaha Douglas Nebraska 1891 Assault on a white girl of 5 The Governor and the Sheriff tried unsuccessfully to quiet the crowd in front of the Courthouse. Pieces of the lynching rope were sold as souvenirs. Despite 16 wounds to his body and three broken vertebrae, Coroner said he died of "fright". Grand jury declined to indict.
Till, Emmett 14 African-American Money LeFlore Mississippi 1955 Flirting with white woman Beaten and mutilated before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River. Perpetrators acquitted by all-white jury, then openly admitted they did it. Historical markers shot and defaced 2006-2018.[90]
Anthony|Crawford|Lynching of Anthony Crawford}}[91] 51 African-American Abbeville Abbeville South Carolina 1916 Offensive language Coroner's jury: "persons unknown"
Charles|Wright|nolink=1}}[89]{{verify source|date=February 2019}} 21 African-American Rosewood Levy Florida 1930 Homicide during holdup of white man; rumors of rape No charges filed.
Claude|Neal}} African-American Greenwood Jackson Florida 1934 Rape and murder of 19 year old white female Lynchers said he "didn't deserve a trial". Castrated, forced to consume his genitals, stabbed, burned with hot irons, toes and fingers removed, hung, body tied behind automobile. Followed by Marianna riots. Important case in helping to bring lynching to an end.
Dick|Rowland}} (attempted lynching) 19 African-American Tulsa Tulsa Oklahoma 1921 Sexual assault on white girl Conflict between would-be lynchers and defenders led to the Tulsa Race Riot.
Ell|Persons}} about 50 African-American Memphis Shelby Tennessee 1917 Raping and killing a white girl No charges filed.
Fred|Rochelle}} 16 African-American Bartow Polk Florida 1901 Murder and rape of a white woman Doused with kerosene and burned. Special train from Lakeland to see the "barbecue".
Henry|Smith|Henry Smith (lynching victim)}} 17 African-American Paris Lamar Texas 1893 Kidnapping and murder of white girl; Smith confessed under duress. Tortured, burned with hot irons, doused in oil and set on fire; his remains were sold as souvenirs.
McIlherron, Jim[92] African-American Estill Springs Franklin Tennessee 1918 Killing two whites Tortured, then burned alive. Spectators came from as far as 50 miles away. Postcards sold. "No information sufficient to indict."
Jesse|Washington|Lynching of Jesse Washington}}[93] 17 African-American Waco McLennan Texas 1916 Murder; Washington confessed and a jury found him guilty. [93]{{rp>5}}
Carter, John[94] African-American Little Rock Pulaski Arkansas 1927 Attacking a white woman and her mother No charges filed; "mob" responsible.
July|Perry|nolink=1}}[95] 52 African-American Ocoee Orange Florida 1920 Sign on body: "This is what we do to niggers that vote." Prosperous Negro farmer. See Ocoee massacre.
Leo|Frank}} 31 Jewish Marietta Cobb Georgia 1915 Killing a 13 year old girl No charges filed; posthumously pardoned.
Mary|Turner}}[96] 18 African-American Bridge joining Brooks County and Lowndes County, Georgia Georgia 1918 Publicly opposed and threatened legal action against whites who had murdered her husband, unfairly accused (according to her) of killing an abusive landowner. "Hung her upside down from a tree, doused her in gasoline and motor oil and set her on fire. Turner was still alive when a member of the mob split her abdomen open with a knife and her unborn child fell on the ground. The baby was stomped and crushed as it fell to the ground. Turner's body was riddled with hundreds of bullets."
Hayes|Turner}} 25 African-American Morven[97] Brooks Georgia 1918 Accused of helping kill an abusive landowner. Wife Mary killed next day for defending him.
Reuben|Stacey (also found as Rubin Stacy)|nolink=1}} 37 African-American Fort Lauderdale Broward Florida 1935 Assault with a knife Law enforcement officer; grand jury refused to indict.
Carter, Sam African-American Rosewood Levy Florida 1923 Assault, rape, and robbery of a white woman See Rosewood massacre. Tortured. Shot before being hung. See Rosewood massacre.
Pitts, Slab African-American Toyah Reeves Texas 1906 Living with a white woman Dragged to death before being hung.
Shipp, Thomas[98][99][100] 18 African-American Marion Grant Indiana 1930 Accessory to homicide during holdup of white man; rumors of rape No charges filed.
Willie|Earle|Lynching of Willie Earle}} 24 African-American Greenville Greenville South Carolina 1947 Killing of taxi driver 31 suspects charged; all acquitted.
Willie James|Howard}}[101] 15 African-American Live Oak Suwannee Florida 1944 Sending Christmas card with "a note expressing his affection" to a white girl. Forced to jump to his death in the Suwanee River. Grand jury refused to indict.
Ah Wing, Dr. Chee Long "Gene" Tong, Chang Wan, Leong Quai, Ah Long, Wan Foo, Day Kee, Ah Waa, Ho Hing, Lo Hey, Ah Won, Wing Chee, Wong ChinChineseLos AngelesLos AngelesCalifornia1871NoneKilled in retaliation for the homicide of a rancher.

See: Chinese massacre of 1871

Parker, Mack Charles22 or 23African-AmericanBridge over Pearl River between Mississippi and LouisianaPearl RiverMississippi1959Rape and kidnapping of a white woman; charges possibly fabricated.No one indicted.
Donald, Michael19African-AmericanMobileMobileAlabama1981None (Klan looked to kill a black man because killer of white policeman got mistrial).Henry Hay executed in the electric chair. James Knowles and an accomplice sentenced to life in prison. Civil suit against United Klans of America caused their bankruptcy.

References

1. ^{{cite news |title=The Criminal Calendar |publisher=The Saturday Evening Press (Menasha, Wisconsin) |date=May 1, 1879}}
2. ^{{cite news |title=Assassination in Starkville |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28412676/ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |publisher=Clarion-Ledger |date=March 26, 1879}}
3. ^{{|title=Negro Lynched near Rice, |newspaper=Tampa Tribune|date=August 20, 1916|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28457156/the_tampa_tribune/}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0km_frJZALIC&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=100 Years of Lynchings|last=Ginzburg|first=Ralph|date=1988|publisher=Black Classic Press|isbn=9780933121188|language=en}}
5. ^{{cite news |title=Woman’s Impatience Revealed as Cause of Porter’s Death |publisher=New York Negro World |date=May 29, 1920|quote="The woman sent a telegram to the next station stating that Scott had insulted her. When the train stopped, Scott was removed by a deputy sheriff. From there the story followed the usual lynching pattern. A mob "over-powered" the sheriff and killed the Negro. The coroner’s jury returned the usual verdict, "Death at the hands of parties unknown.""}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Lynchings |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034375/1901-01-05/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1901&index=12&rows=20&words=1900+CHRONOLOGY&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1901&proxtext=chronological+1900&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |accessdate=11 January 2019 |newspaper=Grenada Sentinel |date=5 January 1901 |ref=Chronological 1900}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|title=Red Summer. The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America|first=Cameron|last=McWhirter|publisher=Henry Holt|year=2011|isbn=9780805089066}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=Ida B. Wells and the Lynching of Black Women.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/28/opinion/sunday/ida-b-wells-lynching-black-women.html|accessdate=January 22, 2019|work=The New York Times|date=April 28, 2018}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=The Lynching in Washington Parish|newspaper=Times-Picayune|date=February 27, 1884|page=7|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/28320792/?terms=%2Blynchings%2B%22st.%2Btammany%2Bfarmer%22}}
10. ^{{cite news|title=Lynching memorial shows women were victims, too.|url=http://theconversation.com/lynching-memorial-shows-women-were-victims-too-95029|accessdate=January 22, 2019|work=The Conversation|date=April 27, 2018}}
11. ^{{cite news ||date=February 13, 1904|newspaper=St. Tammany Farmer (Covington, Louisiana)|page=6|title=Lynchings|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015387/1904-02-13/ed-1/seq-6.pdf |accessdate=13 January 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=Isadore Banks (Murder of) |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=6425 |accessdate=10 January 2019}}
13. ^{{cite news |last1=Schwarz |first1=Ted |title=I'll Get My Rest When the Lord Is Done With Me Here |url=https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/ill-get-my-rest-when-the-lord-is-done-with-me-here/Content?oid=1520629 |accessdate=10 January 2019 |date=13 August 2008}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{Cite web|url=https://www.wuft.org/news/2017/09/27/at-least-21-lynched-in-alachua-county-historical-commission-confirms/|date=September 27, 2017| title=At Least 21 Lynched In Alachua County, Historical Commission Confirms|last=Dan|first=Nicole|website=WUFT News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-09}}
15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj06AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Boisy+Long&source=bl&ots=eb7x7beK5l&sig=VXrtzo7kxyRnlxsNL2Xr6RBIGsU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifoeDItuHfAhUqgK0KHeV1CMQ4ChDoATAAegQICBAB#v=onepage&q=Boisy%20Long&f=false|title=Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918|last=People|first=National Association for the Advancement of Colored|date=1919|publisher=National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|language=en|page=24}}
16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81kEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=Abraham+Wilson+Newberry&source=bl&ots=S8RUK7EH2V&sig=sit9ibHEOkLKSanqLO3oZ3bi6vQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiir6quueHfAhVHT98KHR6jCLcQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Abraham%20Wilson%20Newberry&f=false|title=The Crisis|last=|first=|date=October 1923|publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc.|language=en|page=260}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7632965/georgebuddington1926/|title=George.Buddington.1926|work=The Cincinnati Enquirer|access-date=2019-01-09|page=10}}
18. ^1 2 3 {{web cite|url=http://www.monroeworktoday.org/explore|title=Map of White Supremacy mob violence|accessdate=7 January 2019}}
19. ^{{web cite|url=https://www.thetimesherald.com/story/news/local/port-huron/2018/04/30/port-huron-past-included-nations-first-memorial-dedicated-legacy-enslaved-black-people-people-terror/564443002|title=Port Huron's past included on lynching memorial|publisher=The Times Herald|date=April 30, 2018|author=Liz Shepard|accessdate=7 January 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12072767/harrisburg_dailey_independent|title=Lynching of a Negro Murderer|date=March 15, 1894|publisher=Harrisburg Daily Independent|accessdate=7 January 2019}}
21. ^{{web cite|url=https://issuu.com/dhabrat/docs/www.mankatofreepress.com/10|title=This Day in History|publisher=Mankato Magazine|date=April 25, 2012|accessdate=7 January 2019}}
22. ^{{web cite|url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/judy-putnam/2018/04/27/putnam-delhi-twp-rethinks-park-called-deadmans-hill-named-after-1866-lynching/553511002|title=Putnam: Delhi Township rethinks park called Deadman's Hill, named after 1866 lynching|publisher=Lansing State Journal|author=Judy Putnam|date=April 27, 2018|accessdate=7 January 2019}}
23. ^{{cite book|title=Hanging bridge : racial violence and America's civil rights century|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/hanging-bridge-racial-violence-and-americas-civil-rights-century/oclc/921864717/viewport||first=Jason Morgan|last=Ward|year=2016|isbn=9780199376568}}
24. ^{{cite news|last1=Mitchell|first1=Jerry|title="Hanging Bridge" signing May 2 at Lemuria|url=http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/local/journeytojustice/2016/05/01/hanging-bridge-signing-may-2-lemuria/83803346/|accessdate=26 December 2017|publisher=Clarion Ledger|date=1 May 2016}}
25. ^{{cite news |title=Starkville |url=http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p15016coll1/id/10801 |accessdate=19 December 2018 |publisher=Carolina Watchman |date=8 May 1879}}
26. ^{{cite news |title=Two Taught Ropes |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045160/1879-05-06/ed-1/seq-1.pdf|accessdate=19 December 2018 |publisher=Memphis Daily Appeal |date=6 May 1879}}
27. ^{{cite news |last1=Scruggs |first1=David C |title=Scales Of Justice Hung From Tree With 1 Strong Limb |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-01-15/news/8901170137_1_eau-gallie-rossetter-lynching |accessdate=18 December 2018 |date=15 January 1989}}
28. ^{{cite news |title=Florida Frontiers “The Lynching of James Clark” |url=https://myfloridahistory.org/frontiers/article/129 |accessdate=18 December 2018}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://mocatholic.org/blog/kansas-city-dedicate-historical-marker-lynching| title=Kansas City to Dedicate Historical Marker for Lynching|date=November 30, 2018|publisher=Missouri Catholic Conference}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.madpmo.org/support-truth-and-reconciliation-marker-dedication-ceremony-for-kansas-city-lynching-victim-levi-harrington/|title=Support Truth and Reconciliation: Marker Dedication Ceremony for Kansas City Lynching Victim Levi Harrington|first=Elyse|last=Max|date=November 13, 2018|publisher=Missourians for alternatives to the death penalty}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://themissouritimes.com/49724/community-leaders-gather-to-remember-local-lynching-victim/|title=Community leaders gather to remember local lynching victim|date=April 2, 2018|newspaper=Missouri Times}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.kcur.org/post/kansas-city-erects-first-memorial-remember-victim-lynching#stream/0|title=Kansas City Erects First Memorial To Remember A Victim Of Lynching|first=Michelle Tyrene|last=Johnson|date=Nov 30, 2018|newspaper=KCUR}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=George Kearney|publisher=New York Herald|date=19 July 1998}}
34. ^{{cite news|last1=Spahr|first1=Rob|title=Lynching of former slave memorialized as 'low point' in Eatontown history|url=http://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2012/09/lynching_of_a_former_slave_memorialized_in_eatontown.html|accessdate=24 December 2017|date=24 September 2012}}
35. ^{{cite book|url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/lynching/|first=Kathy|last=Bennett|contribution=Lynching|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|title=Tennessee Encyclopedia|year=2017}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=A Red Record. Revealing lynching sites in North Carolina and South Carolina|publisher=University of North Carolina|first1=Elijah|last1=Gaddis|first2=Seth|last2=Kotch|url=http://lynching.web.unc.edu}}
37. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Southern Gleanings |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85034447/1885-07-17/ed-1/seq-1/ |accessdate=20 November 2018 |newspaper=Magnolia Gazette |date=17 July 1885}}
38. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=129}}
39. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=125}}
40. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |pages=94-95}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/30/bookend/bookend.html|title=Close to Home|website=Nytimes.com|author=Teachout, Terry|date=May 30, 1999|accessdate=26 December 2017}}
42. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |pages=81-95}}
43. ^{{cite news |title=Negro Kills One; Shoots Up Five, Fighting Posse |publisher=Atlanta Constitution |date=2 May 1919}}
44. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=51}}
45. ^{{cite news |title=Mob uses Rope, to Lynch Negro |publisher=Atlanta Constitution |date=15 May 1919}}
46. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=52}}
47. ^{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=52}}
48. ^{{cite web |title=Frank Livingston (Lynching of) |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=8283 |accessdate=11 November 2018}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Lynching In America / The Lynching of William Miller|url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=101159|author=Equal Justice Initiative|publisher=Historical Marker Database|year=2015|accessdate=May 2, 2018}}
50. ^{{cite book |last1=Voogd |first1=Jan |title=Race Riots and Resistance: the Red Summer of 1919 |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang Publishing Group |isbn=9781433100673}}
51. ^{{cite news|title=Memories of 1925 lynching linger in Waverly|first=Frank|last=Green|newspaper=Richmond Times-Dispatch|date=March 2, 2014|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/state-regional/memories-of-lynching-linger-in-waverly/article_fdd4a998-fee4-5339-8b4c-7790f0ce7e49.html|accessdate=October 15, 2018}}
52. ^{{cite web|title=Lynching in Waverly, Virginia, Is Revisited|date=March 7, 2014|url=https://eji.org/news/lynching-waverly-virginia-revisited|accessdate=October 15, 2018|publisher=Equal Justice Initiative}}
53. ^{{cite news|title=Lynched a Suspected Negro|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 5, 1896|page=24|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/07/05/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article}}
54. ^{{cite news|title=A black man was lynched near Rolesville in 1918. Now Wake students are honoring him.|first=T. Keung|last=Hui|date=October 29, 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=The 1918 Lynching of George Taylor|author=Wake County Drum Majors for Social Justice|url=https://sites.google.com/exploris.org/1918georgetaylorlynching/home}}
56. ^{{cite news|title=Confronting Virginia's Racial History|author=Editorial Board|newspaper=News & Advance|url=https://www.newsadvance.com/opinion/editorials/confronting-virginia-s-racial-history/article_326c71dc-a3df-11e3-bbd4-0017a43b2370.html|date=March 5, 2014}}
57. ^{{cite news|title=NEGRO LYNCHED / Murder of a White Woman in Missouri Swung from a Bridge|newspaper=Evening Argus (Owosso, Michigan)|date=August 16, 1895|page=4|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=214iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_KoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1842%2C2522418}}
58. ^{{cite news|title=Negro Lynched in Kentucky|date=November 1, 1901|newspaper=Lewiston Daily Sun|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19011101&id=jbMgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z2kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=744,4765905&hl=en}}
59. ^{{cite book|title=Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874-1947|first=Michael James|last=Pfeifer|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2004|isbn=9780252029172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAGwb3G6soMC&dq=Lynchings+in+Tensas+Parish&q=Tangipahoa+parish#v=snippet&q=Steers&f=false}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jig01|author=McCaslin, Richard B.|date=|title=Great Hamging at Gainesville|publisher=Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
61. ^{{cite news|title=Disaffection in Confederate Texas: The Great Hanging at Gainesville|first=James|last=Smallwood|journal=Civil War History|volume=22|number=4|date=December 1976|pages=349-360|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/419420}}
62. ^{{cite book|title=The FBI and the KKK: A Critical History|author=Newton, M.|date=2005|isbn=9781476605104|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YcOSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151|page=151|accessdate=January 6, 2016}}
63. ^{{cite news |title=A Fearful Outrage. A Negro Murderer Lynched by a Few Citizens in Nashville--A Mob Looking On and Endorsing the Deed. The State Disgraced by a Supine Set of Officers--An Unmitigated Outrage Against Law and Decency. A Crime for Which the Perpetrators Out to be Made to Pay with Their Lives--The Whole State Demands It. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/39789147/?terms=%22jo%2Breed%22 |accessdate=June 5, 2018 |work=Memphis Daily Appeal |date=May 3, 1875|page=1|via=Newspapers.com|registration=yes}}
64. ^{{cite news|title=New plaque memorializes 1923 lynching victim James T. Scott|newspaper=Columbia Missourian|first=Ann|last=Marion|date=September 30, 2016|accessdate=May 25, 2018|url=https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/higher_education/new-plaque-memorializes-lynching-victim-james-t-scott/article_a59c3b3a-8765-11e6-ae5c-b7b64a4a45ed.html}}
65. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Columbia Missourian|title=Legacy of a lynching|first=Barton Grover|last=Howe|date=May 8, 2003|accessdate=May 25, 2018|url=https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/local/legacy-of-a-lynching/pdf_d011a4fa-8963-11e5-824c-ef3e5ef91961.html}}
66. ^Eric S. Smith, "Zachariah Walker's lynching haunts the city", Daily Local News (Chester County), 13 August 2011, accessed 5 January 2016
67. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Memphis and the Lynching at the Curve|first=Nathaniel C.|last=Ball|date=September 30, 2015|accessdate=May 15, 2018|url=https://blogs.memphis.edu/benhooksinstitute/2015/09/30/memphis-and-the-lynching-at-the-curve/|publisher= The Benjamin L. Hooks Institute fo Social Changr, University of Memphis}}
68. ^{{cite news|last1=McPhate|first1=Mike|title=When a San Jose mob stormed a jail and lynched two men|url=https://medium.californiasun.co/1933-san-jose-lynching-john-holmes-thomas-thurmond-brooke-hart-d0ef282554b3|accessdate=September 25, 2018|work=The California Sun|date=November 29, 2017}}
69. ^{{cite web|date=November 7, 2017|title=Elijah Lovejoy: An American Martyr|publisher=Missouri Historical Society|first=Jen|last=Tebbe|url=http://mohistory.org/blog/elijah-lovejoy-an-american-martyr/}}
70. ^{{cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Paul|title=Midnight in Tennessee - The Untold Story of the First Jewish Lynching in America|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/the-untold-story-of-the-first-jewish-lynching-in-america-1.5349605|accessdate=May 15, 2018|work=Haaretz|date=December 20, 2014|quote=In 1888, Amos Miller, a black man accused of raping a white woman, was dragged from court in Franklin and hung from the courthouse railings.}}
71. ^{{cite news|title=Judge Lynch Presided. Would-Be Murderer Strung Up at Franklin. His Most Atrocious Assault on an Officer Avenged. The Body Dangling by the Roadside on the Outskirts. He Also Shot a Circus Man, Who Was Brought to Nashville for Treatment--A Deserved Fate.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/119043720/?spot=15327329|accessdate=May 14, 2018|work=The Daily American|date=April 30, 1891|location=Nashville, Tennessee|via=Newspapers.com|registration=yes}}
72. ^{{cite news|title=A Lynching's Long Shadow|first=Vanessa|last=Gregory|date=April 25, 2018|newspaper=New York Times Magazine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/magazine/a-lynchings-long-shadow.html}}
73. ^{{cite news|title=Negro Is Lynched by Arkansas Mob|date=December 27, 1929|newspaper=Ellensburg Daily Record|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19201227&id=IdIrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iIQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3640,4987932&hl=en}}
74. ^{{cite news|title=Leader of Mob an Ex-U.S. Senator|date=September 11, 1908|newspaper=Fredericksburg Daily Star|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1297&dat=19080911&id=HsVUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uI8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7135,4703531&hl=en}}
75. ^{{cite news|title=Ex-Senator Sullivan Will Stand Consequences for Directing Shooting|newspaper=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/09/10/archives/glad-he-led-lynchers-exsenator-sullivan-will-stand-consequences-for.html|date=September 10, 1908|accessdate=May 7, 2018}}
76. ^{{cite journal|title=Avoiding Adjudication in William Faulkner's Go Down, Moses and Intruder in the Dust|first=Ticien Marie|last=Sassoubre|journal=Criticism|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/issue/12694|volume=49|number=2|pages=183–214|doi=10.1353/crt.0.0016}}
77. ^{{cite news|title=A Night of Excitement. David Jones, the Murderer of Murray, Taken from the Jail by a Mob. Murderer Offers Resistance, and is Shot Twice. Afterwards Taken to the Public Square and Hanged in Front of the Station House. The Hanging Witnesses by Immense Crowd of Excited Citizens. Efforts of the Mayor to Restore Quiet. Gov. Brown Makes an Appeal in Behalf of Law and Order.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/80864273/?terms=lynching|accessdate=May 3, 2018|work=Nashville Union and American|date=March 26, 2018|page=4|via=Newspapers.com|registration=yes}}
78. ^{{cite news|title=The Nashville Lynching Case.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/349733432/?terms=%22nashville%2Blynching%22|accessdate=May 3, 2018|work=The Chicago Tribune|date=March 28, 1872|page=3|via=Newspapers.com|registration=yes}}
79. ^{{cite news|title=Finally Successful. An Attempt to Lynch Negroes At Nashville, Tenn., Successfully Resisted. The Government Takes Charge of the Jail Forces--One of the Lynchers Killed. Another Attempt Proves Successful, and the Negro Is Hanged. Crimes.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/356715342/?terms=%22ephraim%2Bgrizzard%22|accessdate=April 27, 2018|work=The Courier|date=May 2, 1892|location=Waterloo, Iowa|page=2|via=Newspapers.com|registration=yes}}
80. ^{{cite news|title=Mob Lynches Negro Boy Who Shot Grocer. Body of Masked Men Take Him From Hospital. Samuel Smith, 15, Left Hanging Near Home of Ike Eastwood, Whom He Wounded Friday Night.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/178417744|accessdate=May 2, 2018|work=Nashville Tennesssean|date=December 16, 1924|pages=1; 5|via=Newspapers.com|registration=yes}}
81. ^{{cite web|publisher=Fort Smith Historical Society|title=The Lynching of Sanford Lewis|url=https://www.fortsmithhistory.org/archive/lynchingSL.html|first=Ben|last=Boulden|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}
82. ^1 2 {{cite news|title='There will be lynchings': How the Advertiser failed victims of racial terror|first=Brian|last=Lyman|newspaper=Montgomery Advertiser|date=April 20, 2018|url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2018/04/20/there-lynchings-how-advertiser-failed-victims-racial-terror-eji-peace-justice-memorial-montgomery/499656002/}}
83. ^{{cite news|title=New Lynching Memorial Evokes Terror of Victims|author=Associated Press|date=April 23, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/04/23/us/ap-us-lynching-memorial.html}}
84. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|title=Lynching|first1=Harry|last1=Haywood|first2=Milton|last2=Howard|year=1932|url=http://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A4959/datastream/OBJ/download/Lynching.pdf|accessdate=April 20, 2018}}
85. ^{{cite news|title=3,000 Will Burn Negro — John Hartfield Will Be Lynched by Ellisville Mob at 5 o'clock This Afternoon — Negro Jerky and Sullen as Burning Hour Nears|newspaper=New Orleans States (reprinted from Jackspn Daily News)|date=June 26, 1919|url=http://recordsofrights.org/records/342/john-hartfield-will-be-lynched}}
86. ^{{cite book|contribution=Sherman Riot of 1930|first=Nolan|last=Thompson|title=Handbook of Texas Online|year=2010|accessdate=May 28, 2018|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jcs06}}
87. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|title=From the archives: State Lives With a Legacy of Terror as Nation Pays Tribute to Victims' Descendants|first=Avis|last=Thomas-Lester|date=July 7, 2005|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=April 20, 2018|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/from-the-archives-state-lives-with-a-legacy-of-terror-as-nation-pays-tribute-to-victims-descendants/2015/07/07/e1e531be-24bf-11e5-b72c-2b7d516e1e0e_story.html}}
88. ^{{cite book|first=T. D.|last=Allman|title=Finding Florida. The True History of the Sunshine State|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2013|isbn=9780802120762}}
89. ^1 {{cite news|title=Lynching Black Man, Now 78, Relates Narrow Escape, Tells How Two Companions Were Lynched In Indiana In 1930|date=February 14, 1993|first=Charles|last=Leroux|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=January 2, 2018|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/news/9301090503_1_lynching-black-man-museum-ebony-pictorial-history}}
90. ^{{cite news|title=Emmett Till Sign Is Hit With Bullets Again, 35 Days After Being Replaced|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 6, 2018|last=Haag|first=Matthew|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/06/us/emmett-till-sign-bullets.html}}
91. ^{{cite news | last = | first = | title =Anthony Crawford, a Negro of Wealth, Lynched Saturday | newspaper =Abbeville Press and Banner | location =Abbeville, South Carolina | pages =1 | language =English | publisher = | date =1917-10-25 | url =http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026853/1916-10-25/ed-1/seq-1 | accessdate = 2015-12-21}}
92. ^{{cite news|title=The Burning of James McIlherron. An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation|first=Walter F.|last=White|newspaper=The Crisis|date=May 1918|pages=16–20|access-date=March 2, 2018|url=https://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1292947942608625.pdf}}
93. ^1 {{cite news|title=The Waco Horror (supplement to The Crisis)|newspaper=The Crisis|date=July 1916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KloEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Waco&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNzue4tt_ZAhWGzlMKHbIWD6U4ChDoAQgkMAA#v=onepage|access-date=March 8, 2018}}
94. ^{{cite web|title=John Carter: A Scapegoat for Anger|first=Stephanie|last=Harp|publisher=America's Black Holocaust Museum|url=http://abhmuseum.org/the-lynching-of-john-carter/}}
95. ^{{cite web|author=Federal Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Florida|title=The Ocoee Riot|url=http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0021874/00001|access-date=February 22, 2018}}
96. ^{{cite web|title=History of Lynchings|author=NAACP|access-date=March 2, 2018|url=http://www.naacp.org/history-of-lynchings/}}
97. ^{{cite web|title=Hazel B "Hayes" Turner|publisher=Find A Grave|url=https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/2560905/memorial-search?firstName=&lastName=Turner|access-date=March 14, 2018}}
98. ^{{cite news|title=Mob lynched black man in Fort Lauderdale 75 years ago|date=July 17, 2010|first=Robert|last=Nolin|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=December 29, 2017|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-07-17/news/fl-reuben-stacey-lynching-20100719_1_lynched-white-woman-reuben-stacey}}
99. ^{{cite news|title=The Day They Lynched Reuben Stacey|date=July 17, 1988|first=Bryan|last=Brooks|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=December 29, 2017|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-07-17/features/8802110707_1_black-man-lynching-pine-tree}}
100. ^{{cite news|title=Lynching Black Man, Now 78, Relates Narrow Escape, Tells How Two Companions Were Lynched In Indiana In 1930|date=February 14, 1993|first=Charles|last=Leroux|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|access-date=January 2, 2018|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/news/9301090503_1_lynching-black-man-museum-ebony-pictorial-history}}
101. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theroot.com/before-emmett-till-s-death-willie-james-howard-15-wa-1790860932|newspaper=The Root|accessdate=March 8, 2018|title=Before Emmett Till's Death, Willie James Howard, 15, Was Murdered in Fla.|first=Tonya J.|last=Wethersbee|date=August 29, 2015}}
{{Lynching in the United States}}

7 : Lynching victims in the United States|Legal history of the United States|Racially motivated violence in the United States|White supremacy in the United States|Racially motivated violence against African Americans|Lynching deaths in the United States|Lists of African-American people
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