| 词条 | List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Padma Vibhushan | image = | caption = Pictorial depiction of Padma Vibhushan medal suspended by a ribbon | alt = Pictorial depiction of Padma Vibhushan medal in golden colour with its pink ribbon | type = National Civilian | country = India | established = 1954 | first_award = 1954 {{bulleted list|Satyendra Nath Bose|Nandalal Bose|Zakir Husain|Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher|V. K. Krishna Menon|Jigme Dorji Wangchuck}} | last_award = 2019 {{bulleted list|Teejan Bai|Ismaïl Omar Guelleh|Anil Manibhai Naik|Balwant Moreshwar Purandare}} | total = 307 | awarded_by = Government of India | previous_names = Padma Vibhushan "Pahela Warg" (Class I) | obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. | reverse = A platinum Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script | ribbon = | higher = Bharat Ratna | lower = Padma Bhushan }} The Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award of the Republic of India.[1] Instituted on 2 January 1954,[2] the award is given for the "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day and registered in The Gazette of India{{mdash}}a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices.[2] The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are also registered in the Gazette and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register.[3] {{As of|2018}}, none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, constituted by the Prime Minister. The committee recommendations are later submitted to the Prime Minister and the President for the further approval.[2] When instituted in 1954, the Padma Vibhushan was classified as "Pahela Warg" (Class I) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards; preceded by the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award,[4] and followed by "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III).[5] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria includes "exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" but excluding those working with the Public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.[2][3] The award, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended twice in its history;{{sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=96}} for the first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister.{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A248}}{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}} The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A253}} The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts questioning the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.{{sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=96}}{{efn|name=Article18|Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}}[6]}} The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[7] The recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award.[2] The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text "Padma Vibhushan" of silver gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width.[3] It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations.[8] The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nandalal Bose, Zakir Husain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, V. K. Krishna Menon, and Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who were honoured in 1954. {{As of|2017}}, the award has been bestowed on 300 individuals, including twelve posthumous and nineteen non-citizen recipients.[15] Some of the recipients have refused or returned their awards; P. N. Haksar,{{efn|P. N. Haksar was offered the award in 1973 for, among other services, his crucial diplomatic role in brokering the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and the Shimla Agreement, but declined as "Accepting an award for work done somehow causes an inexplicable discomfort to me."[9]}} Vilayat Khan,{{efn|Vilayat Khan refused Padma Shri (1964), Padma Bhushan (1968), and Padma Vibhushan (2000) and stated that "the selection committees were incompetent to judge [his] music".[10][11]}} E. M. S. Namboodiripad,{{efn|E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 1964) and the first Chief Minister of Kerala (1957-59, 1967-69), declined the award in 1992, as it went against his nature to accept a state honour.[12]}} Swami Ranganathananda,{{efn|Swami Ranganathananda declined the award in 2000 as it was conferred to him as an individual and not to the Ramakrishna Mission.[11][13]}} and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award; the family members of Lakshmi Chand Jain (2011) and Sharad Anantrao Joshi (2016) declined their posthumous conferments,{{efn|name=Jain|Lakshmi Chand Jain died on 14 November 2010, at the age of 84.[14] His family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Jain was against accepting state honours.[15]}}{{efn|name=Joshi|Sharad Anantrao Joshi's family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Joshi's work for good of farmers is not reflected in the Government policies for them.[16]}} and 1986 recipient Baba Amte returned his honour in 1991.[17]{{efn|name=Amte}} Most recently on 25 January 2019, the award has been bestowed upon four recipients; Teejan Bai, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, Anil Manibhai Naik, and Balwant Moreshwar Purandare.[15] Recipients
Explanatory notes{{notelist}}
References1. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2925882/Who-s-getting-Padma-Bill-Melinda-Gates-L-K-Advani-Dilip-Kumar-honoured-prestigious-award.html|title=Who's getting a Padma? Bill and Melinda Gates, L.K. 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M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|accessdate=26 September 2015|format=PDF|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan (Pahela Warg) was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan has been conferred by the President.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|archivedate=18 May 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Bharat Ratna Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-BR.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|accessdate=8 May 2014|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002940/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-BR.pdf|archivedate=9 February 2018|df=}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|accessdate=26 September 2015|format=PDF|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated "Padma Vibhushan" in three classes, namely: "Pahela Varg", "Dusra Varg" and "Tisra Varg"|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archivedate=14 May 2014}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|accessdate=19 May 2014|format=PDF|page=36|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archivedate=9 September 2014}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|title=Balaji Raghavan S. 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C.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406100917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/his-judgments-humanised-law/article6589569.ece|archivedate=6 April 2018|df=}} 33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/remembering-dr-verghese-kurien-the-father-of-white-revolution/15589155|title=Remembering Dr Verghese Kurien, the father of White Revolution|date=9 September 2015|accessdate=16 November 2015|author=Dhavle, Priyanka|newspaper=Mid Day|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064012/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/remembering-dr-verghese-kurien-the-father-of-white-revolution/15589155|archivedate=17 November 2015|df=}} 34. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090606830700.htm|title=Adoor selected for Phalke award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 September 2005|accessdate=22 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505174552/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090606830700.htm|archivedate=5 May 2014}}* {{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/adoor-gopalakrishnan-gajendra-chauhan-a-simpleton-should-quit-780211|title=Adoor Gopalakrishnan: Gajendra Chauhan a Simpleton, Should Quit|date=10 July 2015|accessdate=15 November 2015|publisher=NDTV Movies|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023405/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/adoor-gopalakrishnan-gajendra-chauhan-a-simpleton-should-quit-780211|archivedate=17 November 2015|df=}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-s-very-own-literary-genius-khushwant-singh-passes-away-read-his-story-1970779|title=India's very own literary genius Khushwant Singh passes away, read his story|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=15 November 2015|location=Mumbai|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|author=Subramonian, Surabhi|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924232434/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-s-very-own-literary-genius-khushwant-singh-passes-away-read-his-story-1970779|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/chess/news/217314-who-is-viswanathan-anand|title=Why is Viswanathan Anand a chess legend?|date=22 November 2013|accessdate=15 November 2015|publisher=NDTVSports|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032620/http://sports.ndtv.com/chess/news/217314-who-is-viswanathan-anand|archivedate=17 November 2015|df=dmy-all}} 37. ^{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991255,00.html|title=The Conquerors Hillary & Tenzing|publisher=Time|author=Morris, Jan|date=14 June 1999|accessdate=25 September 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921083248/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991255,00.html|archivedate=21 September 2015|df=}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/anil.html|title=Dr. Anil Kakodkar Former Director, BARC (1996–2001)|publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)|accessdate=15 November 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808041020/http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/anil.html|archivedate=8 August 2015|df=}}* {{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/837/|title=Dhruva Research Reactor|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|work=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies|date=1 September 2003|accessdate=15 November 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033241/http://www.nti.org/facilities/837/|archivedate=17 November 2015|df=}} 39. ^{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jnanpith-Awards-for-ONV-Kurup-Akhlaq-Khan-Shahryar/articleshow/6621243.cms|title=Jnanpith Awards for ONV Kurup, Akhlaq Khan Shahryar|date=24 September 2010|accessdate=19 November 2015|location=New Delhi|newspaper=The Times of India|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215223849/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jnanpith-Awards-for-ONV-Kurup-Akhlaq-Khan-Shahryar/articleshow/6621243.cms|archivedate=15 February 2016|df=}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/yoga-guru-b-k-s-iyengar-dies-in-pune-hospital/article6333707.ece|title=Yogacharya B.K.S. 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55, 59, 63, 66, 69–70, 72, 74, 83, 86, 88, 90–93, 95, 99–100, 105–106, 112, 114–115, 117–118, 121, 126, 131, 135, 139–140, 144, 149, 154–155, 160, 166, 172, 178, 183, 188|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archivedate=15 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2015|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2015|accessdate=18 October 2015|format=PDF|pp=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002859/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|archivedate=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2016|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=25 January 2016|format=PDF|pp=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002908/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|archivedate=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2017|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2017|accessdate=25 January 2017|format=PDF|pp=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002819/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|archivedate=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2018|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018|format=PDF|pp=1|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002937/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|archivedate=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2019|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|format=PDF|pp=1|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171903/https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|archivedate=25 January 2019|df=dmy-all}} 44. ^{{cite news|title=Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, 59, Kashmir Chief Minister, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/13/archives/ghulam-mohammed-sadiq-59-kashmir-chief-minister-dies.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=19 February 2017|date=12 December 1971|location=New Delhi|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403180845/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/13/archives/ghulam-mohammed-sadiq-59-kashmir-chief-minister-dies.html|archivedate=3 April 2018|df=}} 45. ^{{cite web|title=Vikram Sarabhai: A Visionary of Indian Space Programme|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Vikram%20Sarabhai.htm|author=Mahanti, Subodh|publisher=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal|accessdate=4 April 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232153/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Vikram%20Sarabhai.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=}} 46. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Dharker|editor-first=Anil|author-last=D'Monte|author-first=Darryl|title=Icons: Men and Women Who Shaped India's Today|year=2011|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNFbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52|isbn=978-81-7436-944-4|p=52}}* {{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-good-life/236659|title=The Good Life|date=11 February 2008|accessdate=20 November 2015|publisher=Outlook|author=Deshpande, Neeta|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120154805/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-good-life/236659|archivedate=20 November 2015|df=}} 47. ^{{cite 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External links{{Commons category|Padma Vibhushan recipients}}{{Portal|India}}
2 : Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan|Lists of Indian award winners |
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