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词条 List of Solar System extremes
释义

  1. By feature

  2. By class

  3. By object

  4. By distance

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

  9. See also

{{expand list|date=October 2015}}

This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.

By feature

Record Data Feature Ref.
Largest canyon4000 km long, 200 km wide Valles Marineris, Mars [1]
Tallest mountain22 km (13.6 mi) Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta[2][3]
Tallest volcano25 km (15.5 mi) Olympus Mons, Mars [4]
Tallest cliff20 km (12.4 mi) Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus [5]
Largest impact crater2,700|km|mi|abbr=on}} North Polar Basin, Mars [5]

By class

TypeAverage densityAverage temperatureAverage surface gravity
LowestHighestLowestHighestLowestHighest
Star1.4 g/cm3
Sun
[6][7]		5778 K
Sun
[8][9]		274 m/s2
Sun
[10]
Major planet 0.7 g/cm3
Saturn
[11][12]		 5.51 g/cm3
Earth
[13][14]		 73 K
Neptune
[15][16][17]		 733 K
Venus
[18]		 3.70 m/s2
Mercury
[17]		 23.1 m/s2
Jupiter
[17]
Dwarf planet 2 g/cm3
Pluto
3 g/cm3
Haumea
30 K
Makemake
167 K
Ceres
0.27 m/s2
Ceres
0.8 m/s2
Eris
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [19] 0.98 g/cm3
Tethys
3.53 g/cm3
Io
[23][20]		 38 K
Triton
[21]		 250 K
Moon
[22]		 0.064 m/s2
Mimas
1.796 m/s2
Io
TypeEscape velocityMassVolume
(Radius)
LowestHighestLowestHighestLowestHighest
Star617.7 km/s
Sun
[10]		332,830 MEarth
Sun
[23][24]		695,000 km
Sun
[24]
Major planet 4.3 km/s
Mercury
[17]		 59.5 km/s
Jupiter
[17]		 0.055 MEarth
Mercury
[25]		 318 MEarth
Jupiter
[23]		 2500 km
Mercury
[26]		 69911 km
Jupiter
[25]
Dwarf planet 0.51 km/s
Ceres
1.3 km/s
Eris
0.0002 MEarth
Ceres
0.0028 MEarth
Eris
487.3 km
Ceres
1187 km
Pluto
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [19] 0.16 km/s
Mimas
2.74 km/s
Ganymede		 0.000006 MEarth
Mimas
0.0250 MEarth
Ganymede
[27]		 198 km
Mimas
2634 km
Ganymede
[28][27]
Extreme characteristicMajor planetDwarf planetMajor moon
(of a major or dwarf planet) [19]
Densest atmosphereVenus [29]
[30][31]		 Pluto Titan
[30]

By object

Astronomical BodyElevation
(height above/below datum)		Elevation
(height above/below base)		Surface Temperature
HighestLowestHighestLowestHighestLowest
SunN/A 100,000,000 K
In a solar flare
[32]		 1240 K
In a sunspot
[33]
Mercury3|km|mi}}
Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains
[34][35]		 723 K
Dayside of Mercury
[36]		 89 K
Permanently shaded polar craters
[51]
Venus11|km|mi}}
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[37][38][39][40]		3|km|mi}}
Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra
[40][41]		 755 K
lowlands of Venus
[51]		 644 K
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra
[42]
Earth8848|m|ft}}
Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China
[43]		10971|m|ft}}
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean
[44]		10200|m|ft}}
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America
[43]		7|km|mi}}
Marianas Trench, Pacific Ocean
[45]		 330 K
Furnace Creek Ranch,
Death Valley, United States
(more info)		 184 K
Vostok Station, Antarctica
(more info)
Mars{{convert>27|km|mi}}
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[43]		6|km|mi}}
Hellas Planitia
[46]		{{convert>24|km|mi}}
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[47]		9|km|mi}}
Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris
[48]		 293 K
Martian equator in midsummer day
[68]		 120 K
Martian poles in the depths of winter night
[49]
JupiterN/A 152 K

[70]		 110 K

[50]
SaturnN/A 143 K

[72]		 82 K

[51]
UranusN/A 68 K

[74]		 59 K

[52]
NeptuneN/A 53 K

[76]		 50 K

[53]
Moon10786|m|ft}}
5.4125° , 201.3665°
[54][55]		9.06|km|mi}}
Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S)
400 K
midday on the equator
[80]		 26 K
Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice
[56]
Io17.3|km|mi}}
Boosaule Montes
[57][58]
Europa2|km|mi}}
conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W)
[59]		 132 K
Subsolar temperature
[85]
Ganymede 156 K
Subsolar temperature
[85]		 80 K
Nighttime temperature
[60]
Callisto 168 K
Subsolar temperature
[61]		 80 K
Predawn nighttime temperature
[62]
Titan2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[63]
Mimas
Enceladus 110 K
Tiger Stripes
[64]
Tethys
Dione
Rhea
Iapetus20|km|mi}}
Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge
[65][66][67]
Ariel
Umbriel
Titania
Oberon
Miranda
20|km|mi}}20|km|mi}}
Verona Rupes
[68]
Triton
Nereid
Proteus
Charon
Ceres4.5|km|mi}}
Ahuna Mons

[69][70]		 235 K

[71]
Pluto3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[72]		 45 K

[73]		 35 K

[73]
Eris 41 K

[74]		 30 K

[74]
Makemake
Haumea
The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line;

By distance

  • List of most distant trans-Neptunian objects

See also

{{portal|Astronomy}}
  • Solar System
  • Lists of geological features of the Solar System
  • List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

Notes

1. ^NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15)
2. ^{{cite web |last=Vega |first=P. |title=New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission |work=Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission web site |publisher=NASA |date=11 October 2011 |url=http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/feature_stories/new_view_vesta_mountain.asp |accessdate=29 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022092700/http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/feature_stories/new_view_vesta_mountain.asp |archivedate=22 October 2011 |df= }}
3. ^{{Citation | last = Schenk | first = P. | author2 = Marchi, S. | author3 = O'Brien, D.P. | author4 = Buczkowski, D. | author5 = Jaumann, R. | author6 = Yingst, A. | author7 = McCord, T. | author8 = Gaskell, R. | author9 = Roatsch, T. | author10 = Keller, H. E. | author11 = Raymond, C.A. | author12 = Russell, C.T. | title = Mega-Impacts into Planetary Bodies: Global Effects of the Giant Rheasilvia Impact Basin on Vesta | booktitle = 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference | id = contribution 1659, id.2757 | publisher = LPI | date = 1 March 2012 | location = The Woodlands, Texas | bibcode = 2012LPI....43.2757S | accessdate = 6 September 2012}}
4. ^Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15)
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2008/solar-systems-biggest-impact-scar-discovered | title=Solar System's biggest impact scar discovered | publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology | work=MIT News | date=June 25, 2008 | accessdate=October 3, 2015 | author=Chandler, David}}
6. ^The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)
7. ^Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
8. ^Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
9. ^The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
10. ^1 Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets", Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
11. ^Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
12. ^The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
13. ^Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
14. ^The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
15. ^Universe Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)
16. ^Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
17. ^1 2 3 4 Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System", Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
18. ^Planet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" (accessed 2010-11-06)
19. ^1 2 A major moon is a moon that is hydrostatically round.
20. ^Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
21. ^Praxis, "Distant Worlds", Peter Bond, 2007, {{LoC catalog record|2006931779|Distant worlds : milestones in planetary exploration|long=yes}} , {{ISBN|0-387-40212-8}} , pg.247
22. ^ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
23. ^1 Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85371-2}} , pg.2
24. ^1 Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
25. ^1 Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85371-2}} , pg.6
26. ^Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85371-2}} , pg.4
27. ^1 the neighborhood, "g a l i l e a n m o o n s o f j u p i t e r", Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
28. ^1 Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-521-85371-2}} , pg.10
29. ^As the transition from atmosphere to other is unclear for the giant planets, they are not included in this
30. ^1 Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
31. ^University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
32. ^Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
33. ^Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, {{doi|10.2298/SAJ0979095S}} , {{bibcode|2009SerAJ.179...95S}}
34. ^Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury’s Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, {{doi|10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.009}} , {{bibcode|2010Icar..209..230O}}
35. ^Lerner Publications, "Mercury", Gregory Vogt, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-7613-5705-6}} , pp.31
36. ^World Book at NASA, "Mercury" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006143143/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/mercury_worldbook.html |date=2009-10-06 }}, Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center (accessed 2010-11-11)
37. ^Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
38. ^NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" (accessed 2010-11-06)
39. ^NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" (accessed 2010-11-06)
40. ^1 National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, {{ISBN|0-309-03580-5}}
41. ^Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
42. ^1 2 Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
43. ^1 2 Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
44. ^Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth", John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
45. ^Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
46. ^The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
47. ^Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
48. ^Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
49. ^1 NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607140708/http://quest.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/mars.html |date=2013-06-07 }} (accessed 2010-11-11)
50. ^1 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
51. ^1 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
52. ^1 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
53. ^1 Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune", 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
54. ^The Register, [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/29/highest_point_on_moon/ "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest"], Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
55. ^Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!", Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
56. ^1 BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
57. ^Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, {{ISBN|9783540346814}} , pp.110
58. ^Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, {{ISBN|0521765730}} , pp.289
59. ^Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, {{doi|10.1006/icar.1998.5969}} , {{bibcode|1998Icar..135....4G}}
60. ^OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" (accessed 2010-11-22)
61. ^1 2 Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, {{doi|10.1086/591491}} , {{bibcode|2008ApJ...687..706H}}
62. ^"17 Callisto", Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
63. ^{{cite journal | last = Mitri | first = G. |author2=Bland,M. T. |author3=Showman, A. P. |author4=Radebaugh, J. |author5=Stiles, B. |author6=Lopes, R. M. C. |author7=Lunine, J. I. |author8= Pappalardo, R. T. | title = Mountains on Titan: Modeling and observations | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 115 | issue = E10002 | pages = 1–15 | date = 2010 | url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010JE003592.shtml | doi = 10.1029/2010JE003592 | accessdate = 5 July 2012 |bibcode = 2010JGRE..11510002M }}
64. ^Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
65. ^Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus", NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
66. ^JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus", NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
67. ^itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
68. ^1 Astronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10)
69. ^{{cite web |url= https://asunow.asu.edu/20160901-ceres-asu-tiny-world-where-volcanoes-erupt-ice |title= Ceres: The tiny world where volcanoes erupt ice |author= Robert Burnham |date= 1 September 2016 |publisher= Arizona State University }}
70. ^{{cite journal |journal= Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |date= March 2016 |number= 47 |title= Ahuna Mons: A Geologically-Young Extrusive Dome on Ceres |authors= O. Ruesch|display-authors=etal|id= 2279 |url= http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/2279.pdf }}
71. ^Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
72. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/the-icy-mountains-of-pluto/ | title=The Icy Mountains of Pluto | publisher=NASA | date=July 15, 2015 | accessdate=October 3, 2015 | author=Talbert, Tricia}}
73. ^1 Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
74. ^1 Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

  • Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" by Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
  • Journey Through the Galaxy: "Planets of the Solar System" by Stuart Robbins and David McDonald, 2006 (accessed November 2010)
  • The Nine8 Planets, "Appendix 2: Solar System Extrema" by Bill Arnett, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
  • EnchantedLearning.com, "Solar System Extremes", 2010 (accessed November 2010)

See also

  • Extremes on Earth
{{Solar System}}{{Solar System table}}{{Records}}

4 : Solar System|Physical geography|Lists of superlatives in astronomy|Lists of superlatives
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