| 释义 |
- Hypothetical ancestors
- Ancestral
- Southern Tungusic (Jurchenic-Nanaic)
- Transitional Southern-Northern Tungus (Udegheic)
- Northern Tungusic (Ewenic)
- See also
- References Notes General references
- External links
Tungusic is a group of languages that forms a language family that is spoken in Northern Asia that includes Eastern Russia (Siberia) and the Northeastern Provinces (or old Manchuria) of China and some areas of Inner Mongolia, also in China.[1] Tungusic is formed by about 12 living languages and has two branches: northern and southern. Tungusic languages are spoken by about 75 000 native/first language speakers over a wide geographical area. Except for Xibe (30 000 speakers) and Evenki (15 800 speakers) all the other Tungusic languages have a few thousand, some hundreds or some tens of speakers. Many of the Tungusic languages are endangered, however there has been some revival attempts to save several Tungusic languages. Some Tungusic ethnic groups are much larger than their native language community, especially the Manchu people, that number more than 10 million 430 thousand (but today there are only 10 native/first language speakers of Manchu language and some thousands that are second languages speakers). Although the language family name is Tungusic, that name comes from an exonym, from the Yakut and Siberian Tatar word tungus that means pig, (i.e. a pejorative or derogatory word from another people or peoples that was applied to the Evenks) and not from an endonym of any of its languages. Hypothetical ancestorsHypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages - Proto-Human (?)
- Several unknown language families and links (?)
- Borean/Boreal (?)
- Nostratic (?)
- Eurasiatic (?)
- Uralo-Siberian - Altaic (?)
- Altaic (?)
- Pre-Proto-Tungusic
AncestralSouthern Tungusic (Jurchenic-Nanaic)- Jurchenic (Southwestern Tungusic) ("Manchu group")
- Jurchen (extinct, developed into Manchu in the 17th century)
- Manchu: speakers originated from the Sungari Ula River area (they founded the Jin and Qing or Manchu dynasties of China)
- Xibe: spoken in Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, Sinkiang/Xinjiang. (Developed separately since 1764 from a Qing military garrison)
- Chinese Kyakala (恰喀拉[2])
- Bala (巴拉[2])
- Alchuka (阿勒楚喀[2])
- Nanaic (Southeastern Tungusic) ("Nanai group" / "Amur group")
- Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen) (Akani, Birar, Samagir)
- Upper Amur
- Right-bank Amur
- Sungari
- Bikin (Ussuri)
- Central Amur
- Sakachi-Alyan
- Naykhin (basis of standard Nanai but not identical)
- Dzhuen
- Lower Amur
- Bolon
- Ekon
- Gorin
- Orok (Uilta)
- Northern (East Sakhalin)
- Southern (South Sakhalin, Poronaysky)
- Ulch / Olcha
Transitional Southern-Northern Tungus (Udegheic)- Udegheic (Oroch–Udege; strongly influenced by Southern Tungusic)
- Oroch
- Tumninsky dialect
- Khadinsky dialect
- Hungarisky dialect
- Udege / Udihe
Northern Tungusic (Ewenic)- Ewenic
- Even (Lamut) (in eastern Siberia)
- Arman
- Indigirka
- Kamchatka
- Kolyma-Omolon
- Okhotsk
- Ola
- Tompon
- Upper Kolyma
- Sakkyryr
- Lamunkhin
- Evenki
- Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Evenks in central Siberia and Manchuria
- Solon (Solon Ewenki)
- Hihue/Hoy (basis of the standard, but not identical)
- Haila’er
- Aoluguya (Olguya)
- Chenba’erhu (Old Bargu)
- Morigele (Mergel)
- Siberian Ewenki / Ewenki of Siberia
- Northern (spirant)
- Ilimpeya (subdialects: Ilimpeya, Agata and Bol'shoi, Porog, Tura, Tutonchany, Dudinka/Khantai)
- Yerbogachen (subdialects: Yerbogachen, Nakanno)
- Southern (sibilant)
- Hushing
- Sym (subdialects: Tokma/Upper Nepa, Upper Lena/Kachug, Angara)
- Northern Baikal (subdialects: Northern Baikal, Upper Lena)
- Hissing
- Stony Tunguska (subdialects: Vanavara, Kuyumba, Poligus, Surinda, Taimura/Chirinda, Uchami, Chemdal'sk)
- Nepa (subdialects: Nepa, Kirensk)
- Vitim-Nercha/Baunt-Talocha (subdialects: Baunt, Talocha, Tungukochan, Nercha)
- Eastern (sibilant-spirant)
- Vitim-Olyokma (subdialects: Barguzin, Vitim/Kalar, Olyokma, Tungir, Tokko)
- Upper Aldan (subdialects: Aldan, Upper Amur, Amga, Dzheltulak, Timpton, Tommot, Khingan, Chul'man, Chul'man-Gilyui)
- Uchur-Zeya (subdialects: Uchur, Zeya)
- Selemdzha-Bureya-Urmi (subdialects: Selemdzha, Bureya, Urmi)
- Ayan-Mai (subdialects: Ayan, Aim, Mai, Nel'kan, Totti)
- Tugur-Chumikan (subdialects: Tugur, Chumikan)
- Sakhalin (no subdialects)
- Negidal
- Lower Negidal (close to Evenki) (extinct)
- Upper Negidal
- Oroqen
- Gankui (basis of standard Oroqen but not identical)
- Heilongjiang (Heihe)
- Kili (traditionally considered Nanai) (Kur-Urmi or Hezhen - probably not Nanai or even Southern Tungusic but a northern Tungusic language)
See also- Tungusic languages
- Lists of endangered languages
- Language death
ReferencesNotes1. ^Miller, Roy Andrew. Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.
2. ^1 2 Mu, Yejun 穆晔骏. 1987: Balayu 巴拉语. Manyu yanjiu 满语研究 2. 2‒31, 128.
General references- Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989. {{ISBN|0-933070-23-3}}.
- Miller, Roy Andrew. Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.
- Poppe, Nicholas. Vergleichende Grammatik der Altaischen Sprachen [A Comparative Grammar of the Altaic Languages]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1960.
- Tsintsius, Vera I. Sravnitel'naya Fonetika Tunguso-Man'chzhurskikh Yazïkov [Comparative Phonetics of the Manchu-Tungus Languages]. Leningrad, 1949.
- Stefan Georg. "Unreclassifying Tungusic", in: Carsten Naeher (ed.): Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies (Bonn, August 28 – September 1, 2000), Volume 2: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian Linguistics, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45-57
External links- Monumenta Altaica—Altaic Linguistics. Grammars, Texts, Dictionaries, Bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
- Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College
- {{es icon}} Tungusic languages
- Vergleich der Reziproken des Ewenischen mit verwandten Sprachen
{{Tungusic languages}}{{Altaic languages}}{{Countries and languages lists}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tungusic Language}} 4 : Tungusic languages|Language families|Lists of languages|Agglutinative languages |