“Abdul Qayyum Khan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Abdul Qayyum Khan was born in the State of Chitral but had Kashmiri origin.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

His father, Khan Abdul Hakim, was originally from the Wanigam village in the Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir,{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=171–172}}{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=85}}^[2] but worked as a Tehsildar in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P., now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan in 2017) of British India.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Khan was educated at Aligarh Muslim University and the London School of Economics.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=268}} He became a barrister of the Lincoln's Inn.^[3]

One of his brothers, Abdul Hamid Khan (Azad Kashmiri politician), was a prime minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir,{{sfn|Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|2015|pp=171–172}} and another brother, Khan Abdul Rauf Khan, was a renowned lawyer.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Legal career

Abdul Qayum Khan was one of the eminent lawyers of N.W.F.P. During his professional career he conducted some very important cases. He used to practice in criminal law. Mirza Shams ul Haq was his most trustworthy colleague, who remained always close to him during profession and politics. Abdul Qayum was also assisted in his chambers by Muhammad Nazirullah Khan advocate, who later served as a provincial secretary general and senior vice president of Pakistan Muslim League.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Political career

Indian National Congress

Starting his political career in 1934 with the Indian National Congress, Khan quickly rose to serve as an elected member of the Central Legislative Assembly (1937–38) and the deputy leader of the Congress in the Assembly. At that time he admired Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. He authored a book, Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier,^[4] in which he praised Ghaffar Khan and denounced Jinnah and the two-nation theory. Abdul Qayyum Khan said that the North West Frontier Province would resist the partition of India with its blood.^[5] He switched his loyalties to the Muslim League in 1945.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=268}} He later claimed that Ghaffar Khan was plotting Jinnah's assassination.^[6] He banned his own book after he became the Chief Minister in the N.W.F.P. The book however continued fetching royalties even after he joined the Muslim League.^[7]^[8]

Muslim League and Partition

In the 1946 provincial elections, Khan campaigned for the All-India Muslim League along with Pir of Manki Sharif. However, the Muslim League won only 17 seats in comparison to the 30 seats of the Congress Party. The Congress Party formed the provincial government under the premiership of Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (popularly known as "Dr. Khan Sahib").{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002|p=14}}{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of destabilising the Congress government in the province through street agitations, ideological rhetoric and acquisition of sympathetic Muslim officers in the government.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}} The presence of a Congress government at the extreme north-west of the Indian subcontinent was anomalous, and the province became a bone of contention between the Congress and the Muslim League as part of the Partition of India.{{sfn|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969|p=277, 282}} Eventually, the British decided to hold a referendum to determine which dominion the province should go to. Abdul Ghaffar Khan demanded a separate nation of 'Pakhtunistan' comprising both the North-West Frontier Province and Pashtun parts of Afghanistan. When it was denied by the British Raj, he and his party boycotted the referendum held by the British government. The Muslim League won an easy victory for Pakistan (289,244 votes against 2,874 for India).{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267}}

Within a week of the independence of Pakistan, the Congress government was dismissed under orders from Governor General Jinnah. Abdul Qayyum Khan was put in charge of a minority government on 23 August 1947. Khan navigated through the troubled waters ably, winning the defection of enough Congress legislators to support his government.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=267, 268}}^[9]

First Kashmir War

Qayyum Khan was a key instigator of the First Kashmir War, if not the chief instigator.{{efn|

North-West Frontier Province

As the premier of the NWFP, Qayyum Khan faced internal dissensions. The Pir of Manki Sharif, who was a key figure in the campaign for referendum, was miffed that he was passed over for the post. He objected to Khan holding both the premiership of the state and the presidency of the provincial Muslim League. The Pir gathered disgruntled legislators and intended to bring a vote of no-confidence against Khan. Khan diffused his efforts. Then the Pir formed a separate party under the banner of All Pakistan Awami Muslim League. An exasperated Qayyum Khan responded with "full fury and force". He externed the Pir of Manki Sharif from the NWFP and imprisoned nine other leaders. Despite the crackdown, the Awami Muslim League contested the provincial elections in 1951 to win 4 seats.{{sfn|Kamran, Early phase of electoral politics in Pakistan|2009|p=269}}

Qayyum Khan's administration was known for its development work in the province, including the construction of Peshawar University and the Warsak dam.

He introduced compulsory free education up to middle school level in Frontier province, the first province of Pakistan to have this reform. He also made poor friendly amendments to the land revenue laws. He evoked opposition from a section of the feudal class due to his egalitarian policies.

His political stand was opposition to the Khudai Khidmatgar movement of Ghaffar Khan.^[10]{{failed verification|date=April 2017}} His alleged role in ordering the Babrra massacre is one which he faces much criticism. He led the Muslim League to a landslide victory in the 1951 elections, despite opposition from the Khudai Khidmatgar movement and opposition from federally backed fellow Muslim league opponents like Yusuf Khattak.^[11]

Central Government

Arrested by the Ayub Khan regime, he was disqualified from politics and imprisoned for two years before finally being released.

Contesting the 1970 General Election in Pakistan from three seats as leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Qayyum faction, he won two National Assembly of Pakistan seats, one provincial seat and, in 1973, entered into alliance with the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after East Pakistan broke away in the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Appointed federal interior minister by Zulfiqar Bhutto, he served in that post till the 1977 elections, when his party suffered a near total rout. After Zia-ul-Haqs assumption of power, Qayyum Khan tried to unify all the disparate Muslim League factions. His efforts were inconclusive and he died on 22 October 1981.^[1]

He was always opposed by Khan Habibullah Khan; they were lifelong rivals since they were young classmates at Islamia College, Peshawar.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Criticism

Babrra massacre

Under the orders of Abdul Qayyum Khan^[12] the Babrra massacre occurred on 12 August 1948 in the Charsadda District of the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pukhtunkhwa) of Pakistan, when innocent and unarmed workers of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement were brutally fired upon by the provincial government.^[13] About 600 persons were killed in this massacre. Among these victims there were also women who rushed to the scene to save their men. More than 1000 people were injured.^[14]^[15]^[16]

In September 1948, then Chief Minister, Abdul Qayyum Khan gave a statement in the provincial assembly, "I had imposed section 144 at Babra. When the people did not disperse, then firing was opened on them. They were lucky that the police had finished ammunition; otherwise not a single soul would have been left alive". Khan Qayyum said hinting at the four members of the opposition in the provincial assembly. He said; "If they were killed, the government would not care about them."^[17]

See also

Notes

References

1. ^¹²³[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/24/obituaries/abdul-qayyum-khan-served-as-pakistani-interior-minister.html Obituary and profile of Abdul Qayyum Khan on New York Times newspaper website], Published 24 October 1981, Retrieved 26 May 2017
2. ^{{citation|title=Diplomat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfttAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Mirza Hashim Baig}}
3. ^{{citation |last=Spain |first=James William |title=Pathans of the Latter Day |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9uAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577576-1 |p=110}}
4. ^{{citation |last=Kh̲ān |first='Abdul Qayyūm |title=Gold and Guns on the Pathan Frontier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3BCAAAAIAAJ |year=1945 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |location=Bombay}}
5. ^{{cite web |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Saying No to Partition: Muslim leaders from 1940-1947 |url=https://sabrangindia.in/indepth/saying-no-partition-muslim-leaders-1940-1947 |publisher=SabrangIndia |language=English |date=4 December 2015|quote=Abdul Quaiyum Khan from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) declared that his province would resist Partition of the country with its blood.}}
6. ^M.S. Korejo (1993) The Frontier Gandhi, his place in history. Karachi : Oxford University Press.
7. ^{{citation|last=Malik|first=Murtaza|title=The Curtain Rises: Uncovered Conspiracies in Pakistan, Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJHaAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-271-5|p=3}}
8. ^{{citation |last=Akhtar |first=Jamna Das |title=Political Conspiracies in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali's murder to Ayub Khan's exit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVfRAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Punjabi Pustak Bhandar |p=105}}
9. ^¹[https://www.dawn.com/news/62608 Religious parties to rule NWFP a second time], Dawn, 20 October 2002.
10. ^Jalal, Ayesha(1991)The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Lahore. Vanguard
11. ^Afzal, M. Rafique (2002). Political Parties in Pakistan: 1947–1958, Vol. 1. Islamabad, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research.
12. ^Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971 (1 April 2002) by M.Rafique Afzal p38 OUP Pakistan {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}
13. ^Miscreants and militants DAWN. Retrieved 15 September 2008
14. ^زه بابړه یم - Noor ul Bashar Naveed
15. ^M.S. Korejo (1993). The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
16. ^Afzal, M.Rafique (1 April 2002) Pakistan: History and Politics, 1947–1971.p38 OUP Pakistan {{ISBN|0-19-579634-9}}
17. ^[https://nation.com.pk/02-Sep-2016/august-12-1948-remembering-pakistan-s-forgotten-massacre-at-babrra 12 August 1948: Remembering Pakistan's forgotten massacre at Babrra]. The Nation.

Early life