“Abgar VIII”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Abgar VIII

释义

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Abgar VIII of Edessa, also known as Abgar the Great{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=15}}{{sfn|Ball|2016|p=98}}{{sfn | Drijvers | Healey | 1999 | p=37}}{{sfn | Dewing | Kaldellis | Mladjov | 2014 | p=98}}{{sfn | Guscin | 2016 | p=9}}{{efn|It was maintained also that Abgar the Great should be regarded as Abgar IX, however, according to A. R. Bellinger and C. B. Welles, the assertion is incorrect.{{sfn|Segal|2005|p=14}}}} or Abgar bar Ma'nu,{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=15}}{{sfn | Drijvers | Healey | 1999 | p=37}}{{sfn|Ross|2000|p=46}}{{sfn|Harris|1903|p=29}}{{sfn|Smith|Wace|1877|p=7}}{{sfn|Babington|1880|p=1272}}{{efn|Abgar VI was also known as Abgar bar Ma'nu.}} was an Arab{{efn|The Abgar dynasty is believed to have had Arab origin.{{sfn|Millar|1987|p=151f}}}} king of Osroene from 177-212 CE.{{sfn | Dewing | Kaldellis | Mladjov | 2014 | p=98}}{{sfn|Ball|2016|p=98}}{{sfn | Guscin | 2016 | p=9}}{{efn|Some sources say 176-211.{{sfn | Drijvers | Healey | 1999 | p=37}} {{harvtxt|Healey|2009|p=15}} lists both dates and probably contains an explanation.}}

Abgar the Great was most remembered for his alleged conversion to Christianity in about 200 CE and the declaration of Christianity as the official religion of the city at that time.{{sfn | Guscin | 2016 | p=9}}{{sfn|Ball|2000|p=91}}{{sfn|Shahid|1984|p=47}}

It has been suggested that a cross shown on the tiara of Abgar VIII in coins he minted have Christian meaning.{{sfn|Sayles|1998|p=61}}

Osrhoene was a client state of the Roman Empire in this era,{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=15}} Prior to Abgar VIII, in {{CE|165}}, the Roman military had reinstated Abgar VII,{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=14f}} and they continued to have a significant presence in the region. However, Abgar VIII's behavior indicates that he was not wholly loyal to Rome nor was closely monitored by Rome. While Abgar VIII's coins bear the image of the Roman Emperor Commodus, Abgar's goals were to maintain a degree of independence and to extend his influence geographically as much as possible without disturbing the greater powers of Rome and Parthia.{{sfn|Ross|2000|p=46}}

Abgar VIII supported Pescennius Niger as Roman Emperor in {{CE|193}}, who was swiftly challenged and deposed by the Emperor Septimius Severus. Abgar VIII's submission to Septimus Severus is portrayed on the Arch of Severus in Rome. He was not deposed, but Osrhoene was made a Roman province and Abgar's kingdom was reduced to a rump state containing just the city of Edessa.{{sfn|Ball|2016|p=98}} Abgar was fully reconciled with Septimus Severus and was later received with honor as a guest of Septimus Severus in Rome. In an additional display of loyalty, Abgar VIII took Severus' name as his own.{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=15}}

Christianity spread in Edessa significantly during Abgar VIII's reign.{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=15}} The Chronicle of Edessa ({{CE|540}}) reports that a Christian church building in Edessa was damaged in a flood in November {{CE|201}}.{{sfn|Healey|2009|p=15}} The Christian philosopher Bardaisan lived in Abgar VIII's court.{{sfn | Drijvers | Healey | 1999 | p=37}}

Upon his death in 212 CE,{{sfn|Segal|2005|p=14}} Abgar the Great was succeeded by his son Abgar IX surnamed Severus in contemporary Roman fashion. Though Abgar Severus was summoned with his son to Rome in 213 CE and murdered at the orders of Caracalla.{{sfn|Ball|2000}} A year later Caracalla ended the independence of Osroene and incorporated it as a province into Roman Empire.{{sfn|Ross|2000|p=60-61}}

Notes

Citations

References

{{cite encyclopedia | last=Babington |first=Churchill |year=1880 | article=Money |editor-last=Smith | editor-first=William | editor-last2=Cheetham | editor-first2=Samuel | title=A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities: Being a Continuation of the Dictionary of the Bible | volume=Vol. 2 |location=London |publisher=John Murray | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoBUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1272 | page=1272 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Ball |first=Warwick |authorlink=Warwick Ball |year=2000 |title=Rome in the east: The Transformation of an empire |location= |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-11376-8 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Ball |first=Warwick |authorlink=Warwick Ball |year=2016 |title=Rome in the east: The Transformation of an empire |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis | isbn=978-1-317-29635-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hblTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 | ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Dewing | first=H.B. | last2=Kaldellis | first2=A. | last3=Mladjov | first3=I. | title=The Wars of Justinian | publisher=Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated | series=Hackett Classics | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-62466-172-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK9aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 | ref=harv | access-date=25 December 2017}}
{{cite book | last=Drijvers | first=H.J.W. | last2=Healey | first2=J.F. | title=Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten: | publisher=Brill | series=1] | year=1999 | isbn=978-90-04-11284-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eNmC35CN90C&pg=PA37 | language=de | ref=harv | access-date=25 December 2017}}
{{cite book | last=Guscin | first=Mark | title=The Tradition of the Image of Edessa | publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4438-8875-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSX5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 | ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Harris | first=J.R. | title=The Dioscuri in the Christian Legends | publisher=C. J. Clay and sons | year=1903 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLvRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29 | access-date=24 December 2017 | page=29 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Healey |first=John F. |year=2009 |title=Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-925256-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Op8VDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |ref=harv}}
{{cite journal | last=Millar | first=Fergus | year=1987 | title=Empire, Community and Culture in the Roman near East: Greeks, Syrians, Jews and Arabs | journal=Journal of Jewish Studies | publisher=Journal of Jewish Studies | volume=38 | issue=2 | issn=0022-2097 | doi=10.18647/1337/jjs-1987 | pages=143–164 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Ross | first=S.K. | title=Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114 - 242 C.E. | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-134-66063-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xayEAgAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Sayles | first=W.G. | title=Roman Provincial Coins | publisher=Krause Publications | series=Ancient Coin Collecting | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-87341-552-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCt_8PoQT7MC&pg=PA61 | accessdate=25 January 2017 | ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Segal |first=J.B. |authorlink=Judah Segal |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Edessa: The Blessed City |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year=2005 |month= |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |location= |language= |isbn=1-59333-193-2 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book |last=Shahid |first=Irfan |authorlink=Irfan Shahid |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year=1984 |month= |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |location= |language= |isbn=0-88402-115-7 |ref=harv}}
{{cite book | last=Smith | first=W.G. | last2=Wace | first2=H. | title=A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines: Being a Continuation of 'The Dictionary of the Bible' | publisher=John Murray | series=A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines: Being a Continuation of 'The Dictionary of the Bible' | issue=v. 1 | year=1877 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFdOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 | access-date=24 December 2017 | page=7 |ref=harv}}

See also

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading