| 词条 | Abhisheka |
| 释义 |
Abhisheka or {{IAST|abhiṣeka}} is a Sanskrit term akin that means a devotional activity; an enacted prayer,[1] rite of passage and/or religious rite. Within this range of senses, abhiṣeka is common to Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. HinduismAn abhiṣeka is conducted by priests by pouring libations on the image of the deity being worshipped, amidst the chanting of mantras. Usually, offerings such as milk, yogurt, ghee, honey, panchamrita, sesame oil, rose water, sandalwood paste may be poured among other offerings depending on the type of abhishekam being performed. This rite is routinely performed in some Hindu and Jain temples.{{cn|date=September 2018}} A Rudrābhiṣeka or abhiṣeka of Rudra is performed on lingams. BuddhismEsoteric Buddhism{{Main|Empowerment (Vajrayana)}}In Vajrayana Buddhism, an abhiṣeka can be a method for performing pointing-out instructions, a way to offer blessings of a lineage to participants, or it can be an empowerment to begin a particular meditation practice.[2] This ritual is present in Tibetan Buddhism as well as in Chinese Esoteric Buddhism and in Shingon Buddhism. The abhiṣeka was originally used as a consecration rite. Water from the four oceans was poured out of golden jars onto the head of royalty. It was used during a monarch's accession ceremony and also his investiture ceremony.[3] Tantric BuddhismThe abhiseka rite is a prelude for initiation into mystical teaching. There are four classes of abhiseaka, each being associated with one of the four Tantras. They are master consecration, secret consecration, knowledge of prajna, and the fourth consecration.[3] Shingon BuddhismThe {{nihongo|abhiṣeka ritual|灌頂|kanjō}} in Shingon Buddhism is the initiation rite used to confirm that a student of esoteric Buddhism has now graduated to a higher level of practice. The kanji used literally mean "pouring from the peak", which poetically describes the process of passing on the master's teachings to the student. The rite was popular in China during the Tang dynasty,[4] and Kūkai, founder of Shingon, studied there extensively before introducing this rite to the Japanese Buddhist establishment of the time.[5] A separate initiation rite exists for the general public called the {{nihongo||結縁灌頂|kechien kanjō|}}, and symbolizes their initiation into esoteric Buddhism. This rite is generally only offered at Mount Kōya in Wakayama Prefecture in Japan, but it can be offered under qualified masters and under proper auspices outside Japan, albeit very rarely.{{cn|date=September 2018}} The Shingon rite utilizes one of the two Mandala of the Two Realms, depending on the occasion. In esoteric ritual, after the student receives the samaya precepts, the teacher of the esoteric Buddhism assumes the role of the teacher, usually Mahavairocana Buddha, while the master and student repeat specific mantras in a form of dialogue taken from esoteric Buddhist sutras. The student, who is blindfolded, then throws a flower upon the Mandala that is constructed, and where it lands (i.e. which deity) helps dictate where the student should focus his devotion on the esoteric path.[6] From there, the student's blindfold is removed and a vajra is placed in hand. JainismAbhisheka in Jainism means the ritual of consecration of the image of Jina.{{sfn|Maniura|Shepherd|2006|pp=73-74}} Famous Abhishekas
Cultural examples
See also{{commons category|Abhisheka}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^Meditation, contemplation, intentionality and wishing are inherent in this use of prayer. 2. ^Hayward (2008) p.114 3. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Dale H. |editor-last=Hoiberg|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=abhiseka|edition = 15th |year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |volume=I: A-ak Bayes |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=32}} 4. ^Orzech, Charles, D. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140317152400/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-13/07Orzech.pdf On the Subject of Abhiseka], Pacific World 3rd series, No 13, 113-128 5. ^{{cite book | first = Ryūichi | last = Abe | year = 1999 | title = The Weaving of Mantra: Kūkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist Discourse}} 6. ^{{cite book | first = Yoshito | last = Hakeda | year = 1972 | pages=44 | title = Kūkai: Major Works, Translated, with an Account of His Life and a Study of His Thought}} 7. ^Ghanshyam Maharaj 8. ^Godhar, Panchmahal, Gujarat Sources
Further reading
|last = Authorship unattributed |year = 2004 |title = Healing Through Yagya / Pooja / Occult |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |url = http://mudrasforhealing.com/occult.htm |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070206203633/http://www.mudrasforhealing.com/occult.htm |archivedate = 6 February 2007 |deadurl = yes |df = dmy-all }}
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