| 词条 | Abies religiosa |
| 释义 |
| name = Sacred fir | image = Field-pines-mountain.jpg | image_caption = Sacred fir forest in the mountains of Mexico State | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Abies | species = religiosa | authority = (Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham.[2] | synonyms = *Abies colimensis Rushforth & Narave F., H.
| synonyms_ref =[3] }} The sacred fir or Abies religiosa (known as oyamel in Spanish) is a fir native to the mountains of central and southern Mexico (Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur) and western Guatemala. It grows at high altitudes of {{convert|2100|-|4100|m|ft}} in cloud forests with cool, humid summers and dry winters in most of its habitat regime. In the state of Veracruz, it grows with precipitation all year long. The tree is resistant to regular winter snowfalls. DescriptionThe Spanish name "oyamel" comes from the Nahuatl word oyametl (oya, to thresh; metl, agave; literally "threshing agave"). It is also called "árbol de Navidad" (Christmas tree) in Mexico. The English name derives from the binomial Abies religiosa, literally "religious fir". This comes from the use of its cut foliage in religious festivals in Mexico, notably at Christmas. Abies religiosa is a medium-sized to large evergreen coniferous tree growing to {{convert|25|-|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall with a trunk diameter of up to {{convert|2|m|ft}}. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, {{convert|1.5|-|3.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide by {{convert|0.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, dark green above, and with two blue-white bands of stomata below; the leaf apex is acute. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they lie flat to either side of and above the shoot, with none below the shoot. The shoots are reddish-brown, hairless or with scattered pubescence. The cones are {{convert|8|-|16|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4|-|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, dark blue-purple before maturity; the scale bracts are purple or greenish, of moderate length, with the tips exposed in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 7–9 months after pollination. Trees from the western end of the range on Nevado de Colima, Jalisco have cones with larger, reflexed bract scales (similar to noble fir cones); these are sometimes treated as a separate species, Abies colimensis. SignificanceThe sacred fir is the preferred tree for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to reside in colonies during its hibernation in the forests of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Although monarch butterflies are known in other parts of the southern Mexican highlands as some specimens do not migrate, the bulk of them gather in a few protected fir forests near the towns of Angangueo (Michoacán) and Avándaro (State of Mexico), from December to March. The wood of the sacred fir is rather soft and thus not very suited for woodworking. Nonetheless, its distribution is decreasing because of logging for fuel and other human-related disturbances.[4] Gallery{{Gallery|title= |width=160 | height=170 |align=center |footer= |File:Oyamel.jpg |alt1=Detail of leaves and immature cones |Detail of leaves and immature cones |File:Abies religiosa.jpg |alt2=Dead leaves sample |Dead leaves sample |File:Abies religiosa Chincua 1.jpg |alt3=At Chincua monarch butterfly sanctuary |At Chincua monarch butterfly sanctuary |File:Abies religiosa El Rosario 5.jpg |alt4=At El Rosario monarch butterfly sanctuary |At El Rosario monarch butterfly sanctuary |File:Cuajimoloyas, Sierra Norte de Oaxaca.jpg |alt5=In the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca |In the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca |File:La Malinche Wald.JPG |alt6=Firs and zacantonal on the trail of La Malinche |Firs and zacatonal on the trail of La Malinche, Tlaxcala }} References1. ^{{Cite journal | author = Farjon, A. | title = Abies religiosa | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2013 | page = e.T39592A2929657 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2013 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39592/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T39592A2929657.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}} 2. ^{{GRIN | accessdate=2009-10-22}} 3. ^The Plant List 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://bios.conabio.gob.mx/especies/6019312.pdf |title=Oyamel (Abies religiosa) |work= |publisher=CONABIO |date= |accessdate=2016-08-30}}
15 : Abies|Plants described in 1830|Trees of Durango|Trees of Guerrero|Trees of Hidalgo (state)|Trees of Jalisco|Trees of the State of Mexico|Trees of Michoacán|Trees of Morelos|Trees of Puebla|Trees of Veracruz|Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt|Trees of temperate climates|Least concern plants|Trees of Guatemala |
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