“Abortion in South Africa”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Abortion in South Africa was legal only under very limited circumstances until 1 February 1997, when the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (Act 92 of 1996) came into force, providing abortion on demand for a variety of cases.

Legal position

In South Africa, any woman of any age can get an abortion by simply requesting with no reasons given if she is less than 13 weeks pregnant. If she is between 13 and 20 weeks pregnant, she can get the abortion if (a) her own physical or mental health is at stake, (b) the baby will have severe mental or physical abnormalities, (c) she is pregnant because of incest, (d) she is pregnant because of rape, or (e) she is of the personal opinion that her economic or social situation is sufficient reason for the termination of pregnancy. If she is more than 20 weeks pregnant, she can get the abortion only if her or the fetus' life is in danger or there are likely to be serious birth defects.^[1]

A woman under the age of 18 will be advised to consult her parents, but she can decide not to inform or consult them if she so chooses. A woman who is married or in a life-partner relationship will be advised to consult her partner, but again she can decide not to inform or consult him/her. An exception is that if the woman is severely mentally ill or has been unconscious for a long time, where consent of a life-partner, parent or legal guardian is required.

The Constitution does not explicitly mention abortion, but two sections of the Bill of Rights mention reproductive rights. Section 12(2)(a) states that, "Everyone has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right [...] to make decisions concerning reproduction," while section 27(1)(a) states "Everyone has the right to have access to [...] health care services, including reproductive health care." In the case of Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health an anti-abortion organisation challenged the validity of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act on the basis that it violated the right to life in section 11 of the Bill of Rights; the Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court dismissed their argument, ruling that constitutional rights only apply to born people and not to fetuses.^[2]^[3]

In general, only medical doctors may perform abortions. Nurses who have received special training may also perform abortions up to the 12th week of pregnancy. A medicine-induced abortion can be performed by any medical doctor at his premises up to 7 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period. The usual method is a dose of an antiprogestin, followed by a dose of a prostaglandin analogue two days later.^[4]

Health workers are under no obligation to perform or take active part in an abortion if they do not wish to, however they are obligated by law to assist if it is required to save the life of the patient, even if the emergency is related to an abortion.^[5] A health worker who is approached by a woman for an abortion may decline if they choose to do so, but are obligated by law to inform the woman of her rights and refer her to another health worker or facility where she can get the abortion.^[6]

Abortion can be had for free at certain state hospitals or clinics, although sometimes only if the woman is referred by a health worker.^[5] Most abortion centres will insist on providing pre- and post-abortion counselling, and the woman can legally demand it, but it is not a legal requirement that abortion centres provide it.

Statistics

There has since the legalisation of abortion on demand been a decrease in deaths from backstreet abortions, but the number of deaths following abortions are still quite high according to statistics gathered in Gauteng province—5% of maternal deaths following childbirth are abortion related, and 57% of these are related to illegal abortions.^[7]

A recent study in Soweto showed the following: the rate of abortions for women older than 20 years decreased from 15,2% in 1999 to 13,2% in 2001, the rate for women aged 16–20 decreased from 21% to 14,9%, and the rate for women aged 13–16 decreased from 28% to 23%. In 2001, 27% of abortions were second-trimester.^[7]

See also

Literature

References

1. ^Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, Act 92 of 1996 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181402/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1996/a92-96.htm |date=September 30, 2007 }}
2. ^Christian Lawyers Association of SA and Others v Minister of Health and Others 1998 (4) SA 1113 (T) (10 July 1998), Transvaal Provincial Division
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/application-pretoria-supreme-court-declare-freedom-choice-terminate-pregnancy-law-uncons |title=This Day in History: 10 July 1998 |publisher=South African History Online |accessdate=27 August 2011}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gautengonline.gov.za/miscimages/006.abortion.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306144401/http://www.gautengonline.gov.za/miscimages/006.abortion.pdf |archivedate=2007-03-06 |df= }}
5. ^¹Choice On Termination Of Pregnancy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427161307/http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/pr/1997/pr0128a.html|date=April 27, 2007}}
6. ^Termination of Pregnancy (TOP)
7. ^¹Dawes, A. (Ed.) (2003). The state of children in Gauteng. A report for the office of the Premier, Gauteng Provincial Government. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212858/http://www.hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/2387_Dawes_StateofchildreninGauteng.pdf |date=July 26, 2011 }} Pretoria: Child Youth and Family Development, Human Sciences Research Council. Page 82, 157, 161