| 词条 | Macina Liberation Front |
| 释义 |
|name = Macina Liberation Front |native_name = |name_name_lang = |war = Northern Mali conflict |image = |caption = |active = January 2015[1]-March 2017[2] |ideology = Salafist jihadism |leaders = Amadou Kouffa[3] |clans = |headquarters = |area = {{Flag|Mali}} |strength = |partof = {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} Ansar Dine[1] |previous = |next = {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin |allies = |battles = Northern Mali conflict }} The Macina Liberation Front (MLF, {{Lang-fr|Force de libération du Macina}}, also known as the Macina Liberation Movement[2] or Katibat Macina) is a militant Islamist group that operates in Mali.[3] It is an affiliate of Ansar Dine.[4] Origins and membership{{main|Northern Mali conflict}}In March 2012, the President of Mali Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of an insurgency in Northern Mali. As a consequence of the instability that followed, Mali's three largest northern cities—Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu—were overrun by a mixture of Islamists and Tuareg Nationalists. By July, the Tuareg were pushed out by their former allies, and the area became dominated by Jihadist groups: Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Ansar Dine, and the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO).[5] In January 2013, the Islamists captured the town of Konna in Central Mali, after fierce fighting with Malian forces. They were driven out by French forces days later,[6] the start of a French-led military intervention known as Operation Serval. However, some fighters were able to retreat to hideouts in the mountains or deserts and regroup.[7] Ethnic Fulani veterans of the conflict make up the core of the group. The Fulani are around 9 percent of Mali's population, but are locally dominant in the Mopti Region, which was the center of the 19th Century Fulani-led Islamic state of Macina.[3] HistoryThe Macina Liberation Front first came to prominence in January 2015, when it claimed responsibility for attacks in central and southern Mali. The group's leader is Amadou Kouffa, a Marabout who had acted as commander for the Islamist militants in the 2013 Battle of Konna.[8] The group has been responsible for attacks targeting United Nations peacekeepers, French troops and Malian government forces, as well as civilians.[9] In March 2017, Amadou Kouffa appeared in a video, alongside leaders from the Saharan branch of AQIM, Al-Mourabitoun and Ansar Dine, in which it was announced that they were merging their organisations into a group called Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin.[10][11] Kouffa was reportedly killed by the French Army in November 2018.[12] In February 2019, however, France 24 reported it had obtained a 19-minute long video that appeared to show him alive.[13] References1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160518-mali-terrorisme-ansar-dine-aqmi-front-liberation-macina-video|title=Le Front de libération du Macina menace la France et ses alliés dans une vidéo|accessdate=19 May 2016|publisher=Radio France Internationale|date=19 May 2016}} {{Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa}}2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/14/mali-lawlessness-abuses-imperil-population|title=Mali: Lawlessness, Abuses Imperil Population|work=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/19/us-mali-violence-idUSKCN0QO19320150819#2K2trL5OYpi7dI0s.97|title=Mali's Islamist conflict spreads as new militant group emerges|work=Reuters|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/05/ansar-dines-branch-in-southern-mali-releases-first-video.php|title=Ansar Dine’s branch in southern Mali releases first video|accessdate=19 May 2016|publisher=Long War Journal|date=18 May 2016}} 5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/world/africa/jidhadists-fierce-justice-drives-thousands-to-flee-mali.html|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|title=Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali|accessdate=18 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 July 2012}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/01/12/uk-mali-rebels-idUKBRE90B09Y20130112|title=Over 100 dead in French strikes and fighting in Mali|publisher=|accessdate=16 November 2015}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22664484|title=France begins first stage of Mali military withdrawal|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 May 2013|date=25 May 2013}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44593&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=228&cHash=d7dba1c0b3fb147f67a547e825f418cf#.Vkpt5XYrLIU|title=The Sahel’s Militant ‘Melting Pot’: Hamadou Kouffa’s Macina Liberation Front (FLM)|work=The Jamestown Foundation|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/macina-liberation-movement-new-terror-group-mali-threatens-peace-agreement-1915290|title=Macina Liberation Movement: New Terror Group In Mali Threatens Peace Agreement|author=Kathleen Caulderwood|date=9 May 2015|work=International Business Times|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/al-qaeda-groups-unite-sahel-563351|title=Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa’s troubled Sahel region|date=3 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=4 March 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/world/islamic-extremist-groups-merge-in-mali-pledge-allegiance-al-quaida|title=Islamic extremist groups to merge in Mali, pledge allegiance to al-Quaida|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304114100/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/world/islamic-extremist-groups-merge-in-mali-pledge-allegiance-al-quaida|archivedate=2017-03-04|df=}} 12. ^https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46331928 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/video/20190228-exclusive-key-mali-jihadist-amadou-koufa-resurfaces-deny-reports-death|title=Exclusive: Key Mali jihadist Amadou Koufa resurfaces to deny reports of his death|date=2019-02-28|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-03-01}} 2 : Jihadist groups|Rebel groups in Mali |
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