| 词条 | Majes-Siguas |
| 释义 |
Majes-Siguas is an irrigation project in Peru which envisages transferring water from the Colca River to the Siguas River for irrigation purposes, and further to take water from the Apurimac River. The projectThe original plan of the project involved the construction of a {{convert|101.2|km}} long aqueduct that diverts water from the Rio Colca close to Tuti and transfers it around Ampato mountain to a canal which ends into the Siguas River.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=5}} The diversion has a capacity of {{convert|34|m3/s}} and is part of the first stage of the project.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=10}} The diversion has a hydraulic drop of about {{convert|1930|m}} and it is envisaged to exploit it for hydropower production at the Lluta and Lluclla hydropower stations, yielding {{convert|280|MW}} and {{convert|380|MW}} respectively;{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=19}} the company Luz del Sur was tasked to construct these plants.[1] From the Siguas River a {{convert|15.7|km}} long tunnel-canal starting at Pitay delivers the water to the Pampa de Majes.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=5}} As part of the project, the Condoroma Reservoir with a capacity of {{convert|0.285|km3}} on the Colca.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=5}} The Angostura Reservoir is part of Majes-Siguas II. This reservoir with a capacity of {{convert|1.140|km3}}[2] is located on the Apurimac River at its confluence with the Rio Hornillos{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=18}} and transfers the water through a {{convert|18.4|km}} long aqueduct to the Colca River.[2] As part of Majes-Siguas II, another diversion at Lluclla can divert as much as {{convert|23|m3/s}} in a {{convert|15.95|km}} long canal to the Pampa de Siguas.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=18}} EffectsThe Majes-Siguas project allowed the irrigation of {{convert|15950|ha}} land, which were settled by about 2693 colonists, and the development of about 5700 households.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=6}} As part of the second stage, a further expansion of {{convert|8000|ha}} in the Pampa de Majes and of {{convert|38500|ha}} in the Pampa de Siguas is envisaged. Also, the second stage foresees the development of about {{convert|560|MW}} hydropower,{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=12}} with hydropower plants being constructed along the aqueduct that transfers water from the Colca to the Siguas.[2] The irrigated area has been planted with artichokes, avocado, cantaloupe, chili pepper, cochineal, garlic, grapes, kiwicha, onion, paprika, peas, quinoa and tomatoes;{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=8,20}} also there is a dairy industry at Majes-Siguas.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=7}} The total productivity of the project has been estimated to be {{currency|152,375,853|US}},{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=8}} and Majes-Siguas is projected to yield a further gross domestic product of {{currency|853,000,000|US}} per year, as well as benefitting 300,000 people.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=21}} Water leaks and destabilization of the clayey soils by waters from sprinkler irrigation have caused landslides, sometimes approaching the Pan-American Highway, and concerns have been raised that the expansion of the Majes-Siguas project through Majes-Siguas II will aggravate the situation.[1] HistoryIn 1971, the construction of the Majes-Siguas project was declared necessary by the decree No.18375{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=2}} in order to develop Southern Peru{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=3}} and in the next year another decree classified it as a regional development project.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=2}} Work began on the 3 October 1971;{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=3}} about {{currency|1,503,000,000|US}} were invested in the project.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=5}} In 1982, the statutory corporation AUTODEMA was created in order to administer the project.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=2}} In 2018, concerns were raised about corruption in AUTODEMA including fabricated expenses, resulting in an investigation by the Comptroller General of Peru.[6] Between 2006 and 2010, the second stage of Majes-Siguas (Majes-Siguas II) was planned, including the development of an environmental impact statement for the Angostura Dam.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|pp=13-15}} An investment of {{currency|2,018,622,950|US}}-{{currency|1,514,761,200|US}} was projected for Majes-Siguas II.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=14}} In 2014-2015, laws were enacted authorizing the acquisition of land for the construction of Majes-Siguas II, which was also declared a "project of public need".{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=17}} In 2014, {{currency|550,401,572|US}} were projected as investment in Majes-Siguas II,{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=23}} which is considered to be payable with the revenue from hydropower and the newly cultivated land.{{sfn|GOBIERNO REGIONAL AREQUIPA|2016|p=25}} The project is being carried out through a public-private partnership involving the state and the "Angostura-Siguas Consortium".[1] The work on the Apurimac-Colca diversion project began in 2017, with a ceremony in the presence of the then Peruvian president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.[8] Political considerationsGenerally, though, the execution of Majes-Siguas II has been stalled by the review process and by bureaucratic issues.[9] In November 2018, a commission of the Congress of Peru started investigating events surrounding Majes-Siguas II, including the delay but especially the decision by the Governor of Arequipa Region to modify the construction contract which raised the price of the project and the exact nature of this modification,[10] which involved using pipelines[11] instead of canals at a price exceeding {{currency|100,000,000|US}}. This change known as "Addendum 13" had been proposed after the project had met resistance by the people of Espinar Province which were afraid that the Angostura Dam would impact their own agricultural development.[1] The technological change was aimed at reducing the water needs of Majes-Siguas II by reducing evaporation, but raised criticism by lawmakers about the extra cost to the state.[13] Another question raised by the Governor of Arequipa is whether to allow lots of sizes less than {{convert|200|ha}}; the present-day arrangement disallows lots smaller than this as the project is export-oriented.[11] The project has also engendered protests, first in the Cuzco Region then in the Caylloma Province, the last one involving strikes and demands for better conditions in places where the Majes-Siguas project is being built. References1. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Villar |first1=Paola S. |title=¿Majes Siguas II necesita otra adenda? |url=https://elcomercio.pe/economia/arequipa-sigue-espera-proyecto-majes-siguas-ii-noticia-517948 |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=El Comercio |date=6 May 2018 |language=es}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Vilca |first1=Gisela |title=Deslizamientos continuarán en Siguas, mientras no cambien riego |url=https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/arequipa/deslizamientos-continuaran-en-siguas-mientras-no-cambien-riego-fotos-854451/ |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=Diario Correo |date=19 November 2018 |language=es}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Arequipa: Yamila Osorio cuestiona a candidatos de querer cambiar modelo de Majes II |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1354454-osorio-cuestiona-candidatos-cambiar-modelo-majes-ii |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=La Republica |date=10 November 2018 |language=es}} 4. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Machaca |first1=Ibón |title=Majes Siguas II: comisión investigadora del Congreso se reunió con exministros |url=https://elbuho.pe/2018/11/16/majes-siguas-ii-comision-investigadora-del-congreso-se-reunio-con-exministros/ |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=El Búho |date=16 November 2018 |language=es}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |title=Arequipa: Gremios de empresarios emplazan a la Región destrabar Majes Siguas II |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/1364876-gremios-empresarios-emplazan-region-destrabar-majes-siguas-ii |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=La Republica |date=27 November 2018 |language=es}} 6. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Montaño |first1=Fiorella |title=Arequipa: Confirman pago de servicios fantasma en Autodema |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/1369896-confirman-pago-servicios-fantasma-autodema |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=La Republica |date=5 December 2018 |language=es}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |title=Majes-Siguas II: jefe de Estado da inicio a obras del túnel trasdandino |url=http://www.tvperu.gob.pe/informa/politica/majes-siguas-ii-jefe-de-estado-da-inicio-obras-del-tunel-trasdandino |accessdate=5 December 2018 |work=TV Perú |date=5 November 2017 |language=es}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |author1=Autoridad Nacional del Agua |title=PROYECTO MAJES SIGUAS II |url=http://www.ana.gob.pe/media/527803/majes%20siguas.pdf |accessdate=5 December 2018 |p=5 |language=es|year=2018}} }} Sources{{refbegin}}
2 : Water in Peru|Irrigation in Peru |
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