| 词条 | Maladaptive daydreaming |
| 释义 |
Maladaptive daydreaming is typically associated with stereotypical movements, such as pacing or rocking, and the need for musical stimulation.[4] One of the lead researchers of maladaptive daydreaming and the person who coined the term is University of Haifa Professor Eli Somer.[5][6] Somer's definition of the condition is “extensive fantasy activity that replaces human interaction and/or interferes with academic, interpersonal, or vocational functioning.” [7] Range of daydreaming activityMany human experiences range between the normal to the abnormal. The extreme form of normal sadness is major depressive disorder; worry can develop into an anxiety disorder and social drinking into alcoholism. Daydreaming, a form of normal dissociation associated with absorption, is a highly prevalent mental activity experienced by almost everyone.[8] It is thought to encompass almost half of all human thought, with hundreds of daydreaming sequences experienced daily.[9][10] Some individuals possess the ability to daydream so vividly that they experience a sense of presence in the imagined environment.[5] This experience is reported to be extremely rewarding to the extent that some of those who experience it develop a compulsion to repeat it that is often described as an addiction.[11][12][13][14] The scientific literature suggests that a portion of people with maladaptive daydreaming can spend up to 60% of their waking time daydreaming, and could, therefore, be classified as suffering from a behavioral addiction.[15] Stimuli for maladaptive daydreams range in all kinds of places, and their “symptoms” are also numerous. The overall symptom is extremely vivid fantasies with “story-like features,” such as the daydream’s characters, plots and settings.[16] Characters can be real people the maladaptive daydreamer knows, or made up ones, and the same goes with settings and plots. Media sources, such as movies, video games and music, are probably major influences in a maladaptive daydreamer’s life, and this is why these fantasies are often shaped like a novel or film. Also, time spent in a maladaptive daydreaming may prompt the daydreamer to pace, fiddle with something in their hand, or rock back and forth. Maladaptive daydreamers usually get very mentally and emotionally involved in their fantasies, causing the daydreamers to react physically by gesturing, laughing, talking, and making faces that fit whatever fantasized scenario they are in.[17] Maladaptive daydreaming is not a psychosis issue. The daydreams are not reality - maladaptive daydreamers always know this. Though maladaptive daydreaming and psychosis problems, like schizophrenia, both deal with people avoiding reality, psychosis is about people who are utterly detached from reality. This means that psychotic people cannot differentiate fantasy from reality, whereas people with maladaptive daydreaming always know the difference between what is in their mind and what is actually happening in the world.[18] Online supportThough maladaptive daydreaming is not yet an officially recognized psychiatric problem, meaning that people cannot be officially diagnosed with it yet, it has spawned numerous online and real-world support groups since Somer first identified the phenomenon in 2002.[19] There is a large and growing number of online international maladaptive daydreaming groups that provide information and peer-support, on which individuals profess to have been secretly suffering from maladaptive daydreaming for years.[20] The grass-root effort by sufferers to increase awareness of their condition manifested itself in a global spontaneous effort to translate the 16-item maladaptive daydreaming scale, MDS-16.[21] The MDS-16 has been translated, so far, into 29 languages, by qualified individuals who struggle with this condition.[22] Theorized CausesThe complex, imagined worlds and stories of a maladaptive daydream are a relief to times of distress or boredom.[23] Daydreaming for these reasons is not inherently unhealthy, it is only when the imagined features replace or overcome the real ones when it can be dubbed maladaptive. In some cases, people with suspected maladaptive daydreaming have reported some fairly distressing effects. They can sometimes be completely absorbed in their fantasies, making them lose track of time and have trouble focusing on other tasks such as reading books or watching videos. These fantasies can even mutate from a simple hobby to avoid boredom into an option that is preferable to interaction with real people.[24] In this case, these maladaptive daydreamers actually look forward to times when they can return to their imagined worlds, instead of only doing so whenever their schedules allow it.[25] On the physical side, maladaptive daydreamers can become so engrossed that their worlds hinder their ability to sleep, get out of bed, and even maintain proper hygiene.[26] Research on maladaptive daydreamingResearch shows that this phenomenon is measurable, that it is stable and unique and can be differentiated very clearly from normal daydreaming.[27] Research with the MDS-16 has also demonstrated that individuals who suffer from this condition report higher rates of attention-deficit and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.[28] Maladaptive daydreaming is currently studied by a consortium of researchers from diverse countries including the USA, Poland, Switzerland and Israel.[29][30][31] Following the publication of two single case studies on treatment for maladaptive daydreaming, research is now needed to develop evidence-based practice for the treatment of maladaptive daydreaming.[32] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/10/what-its-like-to-be-a-maladaptive-daydreamer.html|title=What It's Like When Your Daydreams Are Just As Real As Life|last=Tsoulis-Reay|first=Alexa|date=12 October 2016|website=The Cut|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://digest.bps.org.uk/2018/06/25/people-with-maladaptive-daydreaming-spend-an-average-of-four-hours-a-day-lost-in-their-imagination/|title=People with "Maladaptive daydreaming" spend an average of four hours a day lost in their imagination|last=Young|first=Emma|date=25 June 2018|website=The British Psychological Society Research Digest|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 3. ^{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Sumathi |title=When Daydreaming Becomes a Problem |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-daydreaming-becomes-a-problem-1462818328 |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=9 May 2016}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|title=Maladaptive daydreaming: Proposed diagnostic criteria and their assessment with a structured clinical interview|journal = Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice|last1=Somer|first1=Eli|last2=Soffer-Dudek|first2= Nirit|last3=Ross |first3=Colin A.|last4=Halpern|first4= Naomi |date=June 2017| volume=4|issue=2|pages= 176–189|doi=10.1037/cns0000114}} 5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://somer.co.il/articles/2002Malaptdaydr.contemp.psych.pdf|title=Maladaptive Daydreaming: A Qualitative Inquiry|last=Somer|first=Eli|date=Fall 2002|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{cite news |last1=Bigelsen |first1=Jayne |last2=Kelley |first2=Tina |title=When Daydreaming Replaces Real Life |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/04/when-daydreaming-replaces-real-life/391319/ |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=The Atlantic |date=29 April 2015}} 7. ^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226088977_Maladaptive_Daydreaming_A_Qualitative_Inquiry 8. ^Singer, J. 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url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-29/december-2016/maladaptive-daydreaming | title=Maladaptive daydreaming | the Psychologist}} 25. ^{{Cite web | url=https://thedreamingplace.com/ | title=The Dreaming Place}} 26. ^{{Cite web | url=https://thedreamingplace.com/ | title=The Dreaming Place}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/30/health/maladaptive-daydreaming-feature/ |title=Maladaptive daydreaming: When fantasies become a nightmare |last=Pequenino |first=Karla|date=30 December 2016|website=CNN |archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-daydreaming-becomes-a-problem-1462818328 |title=When Daydreaming Becomes a Problem |last=Reddy|first=Sumathi|date=16 May 2016|website=Wall Street Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://daydreamresearch.wixsite.com/md-research/publications |title=Maladaptive Daydreaming Publications |last=|first=|date=|website=The International Consortium for Maladaptive Daydreaming Research (ICMDR)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 30. ^{{Cite journal|title=Compulsive fantasy: Proposed evidence of an under-reported syndrome through a systematic study of 90 self-identified non-normative fantasizers |last=Bigelsen, J., & Schupak, C. |date=December 2011|journal=Consciousness and Cognition |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=1634–1648 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.013 |pmid = 21959201}} 31. ^{{Cite journal|title=Maladaptive daydreaming: Evidence for an under-researched mental health disorder |last=Jayne Bigelse, Jonathan M.Lehrfeld, Daniela S.Jopp, Eli Somer|date=May 2016 |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |volume=42 |pages=254–266 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.017 |pmid = 27082138}} 32. ^{{Cite journal|title=Excessive daydreaming: A case history and discussion of mind wandering and high fantasy proneness |last=Cynthia Schupak, Jesse Rosenthal |date=March 2009 |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |volume=18 |pages=290–292 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2008.10.002 |pmid = 19062309}} 6 : Dissociative disorders|Symptoms and signs: Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour|Anxiety|Personality disorders|Psychiatric diseases and disorders|Psychiatric diagnosis |
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