“Malaysian Social Justice Party”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The party were formed by Tan Chee Khoon, Syed Hussein Alatas and Veerappen Veerathan^[4]^[5] in 1972 after Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) co-founder Lim Chong Eu led Gerakan into the newly expanded Alliance (renamed as the Barisan Nasional or National Front).^[6] Tan strongly opposed this move because he felt it endorsed the race-based parties in Barisan Nasional. PEKEMAS is noted as a non-communal party and were formed based on principles similar to Gerakan.^[7]^[8]^[9] Them were joined by 2 others Gerakan MPs, V. David and Veerappen.^[10] Despite this, Tan supported the controversial government-supported New Economic Policy (NEP), which expanded the privileges given to Bumiputra (Malays and other indigenous people) under Article 153 of the Constitution because he felt tougher affirmative action was required to address Malay poverty.^[11] On July 19, 1974, Parti Marhaen Malaysia merged with the party.

In the 1974 general election,^[12]^[13] PEKEMAS suffered a terrible defeat, with Tan being the only successful candidate out of 36 candidates for Parliament.^[14]^[15] PEKEMAS' campaign against the government was predicated on denying them the requisite 2/3 majority for amending the Constitution, which Tan opposed. The Democratic Action Party (DAP) and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) became the largest opposition parties in Parliament, with nine seats each. This effectively hamstrung Tan's and PEKEMAS' agenda in Parliament.^[16] Tan announced his retirement from politics in 1977, although he held his Parliament and Selangor State Assembly seats until their terms expired the next year.The party influence started to wear out in 1978 due to the defection of its chairman, Ahmad Boestamam to Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)^[17] after 1978 general elections.^[18] The party further shrank in 1979 due to most of PEKEMAS' supporters defecting to the DAP.^[11]^[19]^[20]^[21] It managed to field a candidate in the 1982 general elections before its dissolution.^[22]

List of PEKEMAS leaders

Elected Representatives

Legacy

The party has been noted as having rough similarities with current Parti Keadilan Rakyat.^[23]

General elections result

State election results

State election	State Legislative Assembly
State election	Perlis State Legislative Assembly	Kedah State Legislative Assembly	Kelantan State Legislative Assembly	Terengganu State Legislative Assembly	Penang State Legislative Assembly	Perak State Legislative Assembly	Pahang State Legislative Assembly	Selangor State Legislative Assembly	Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly	Malacca State Legislative Assembly	Johor State Legislative Assembly	Sabah State Legislative Assembly	Sarawak State Legislative Assembly	Total won / Total contested
1974	0\|12\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|26\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|36\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|28\|hex=#8C001A}}	1\|27\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|42\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|32\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|33\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|24\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|20\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|32\|hex=#8C001A}}
1976
1978	0\|12\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|26\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|36\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|28\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|27\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|42\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|32\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|33\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|24\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|20\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|32\|hex=#8C001A}}
1979
1981
1982	0\|12\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|26\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|36\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|28\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|27\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|42\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|32\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|33\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|24\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|20\|hex=#8C001A}}	0\|32\|hex=#8C001A}}

See also

References

1. ^http://arkib.harakahdaily.net/arkibharakah/index.php/arkib/berita/lama/2008/10/17549/hilangnya-idealisme-kepelbagaian-kaum-dalam-gerakan-.html
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19740719&id=FastAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dX0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=921,2260927&hl=en|title=New Straits Times - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=2016-03-25}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/opinion/wan-hamidi-hamid/article/nafsu-besar-tenaga-kurang|title=Thank You Malaysia|website=www.themalaysianinsider.com|access-date=2016-03-25}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%252F2007%252F1%252F28%252Ffocus%252F16707414&sec=focus|title=The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2016-03-25}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=assDznc7EN4C|title=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia|last=Gin|first=Ooi Keat|date=2009-05-11|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863057|language=en}}
6. ^George, K. (2005). "Champion of the downtrodden", Aliran, (Go to search engine and enter "alatas" and various articles mentioning will come up). Retrieved 14 February 2006.
7. ^http://www2.nst.com.my/nation/politics/perspective-and-the-roars-will-continue-to-echo-1.585504
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4XZBAAAQBAJ|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia|last=Weiss|first=Meredith L.|date=2014-10-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317629597|language=en}}
9. ^Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, p. 29. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-588988-6}}.
10. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&pg=PA259&lpg=PA259#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Indian Communities in Southeast Asia |editor= K S Sandhu, A Mani |page=259 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year= 1993 |isbn=978-9812100177 }}
11. ^¹Loh, Kok Kin (2003). "Tan Sri Dr Tan Chee Khoon – A Life of Service". Retrieved 14 February 2006.
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bicaradariaku.com/2013/04/sejarah-pilihan-raya-umum-di-malaysia.html|title=SEJARAH PILIHAN RAYA UMUM DI MALAYSIA - shameel iskandar|website=www.bicaradariaku.com|access-date=2016-03-25}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://m.utusan.com.my/rencana/nasib-parti-parti-serpihan-1.107845|title=Rencana - Utusan Online|website=Utusan Online|access-date=2016-03-25}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://arkib.harakahdaily.net/arkibharakah/index.php/arkib/berita/lama/2008/3/13288/popularkan-barisan-alternatif-untuk-tandingi-bn.html|title=Popularkan Barisan Alternatif untuk tandingi BN:|website=arkib.harakahdaily.net|access-date=2016-03-25}}
15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkWCNJCl0WAC|title=Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir|last=Hwang|first=In-wŏn|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789812301857|language=en}}
16. ^Means, pp. 33, 34.
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/62518|title=Prof Syed Hussein Alatas meninggal dunia|website=Malaysiakini|language=ms-MY|access-date=2016-03-25}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/hualian_studentclub/pilihanraya/pilihanraya_umum_kelima_1978.htm|title=Malaysia - Pilihan Raya - Pilihan Raya Umum Kelima ( 1978 )|website=www.geocities.ws|access-date=2016-03-25}}
19. ^Means, p. 67.
20. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ|title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963-2013|last=Mathews|first=Philip|date=2014-02-28|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|isbn=9789671061749|language=en}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.roketkini.com/2012/12/12/peluang-pr-menang-pru-13-cerah-kerana-bn-banyak-masalah/|title=Peluang PR menang PRU-13 cerah kerana BN banyak masalah|last=admin|website=roketkini.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-25}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/hualian_studentclub/pilihanraya/pilihanraya_umum_keenam_1982.htm|title=Malaysia - Pilihan Raya - Pilihan Raya Umum Keenam ( 1982 )|website=www.geocities.ws|access-date=2016-03-25}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.agendadaily.com/A-Kadir-Jasin-Other-Thots/a-cautionary-tale-of-two-coalitions.html|title=Agenda Daily - A CAUTIONARY TALE OF TWO COALITIONS - Agenda Daily|last=JASIN|first=A KADIR|website=Agenda Daily|language=ms-my|access-date=2016-03-25}}