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词条 Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%). Note that the noble gases are not included, as they form no part of the solid crust. Also not included are certain elements with extremely low crustal concentrations: technetium (atomic number 43), promethium (61), and all elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 except thorium (90) and uranium (92).

Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources
RankZElementSymbolAbundance in crust (ppm) by source Annual production
Darling[2]Barbalace[3]WebElements[4]Israel Science and Technology[5]Jefferson Lab[6](2016, tonnes)[7]
1 8 oxygen O 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000
2 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,0007,200,000
3 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,30057,600,000
4 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,3001,150,000,000
5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500
6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600255,000,000
7 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,3001,010,000
8 19 potassium K 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900
9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,6006,600,000
10 1 hydrogen H 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400
11 15 phosphorus P 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050
12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000
13 9 fluorine F 800 950 540 290 585
14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425
15 6 carbon C 300 480 1,800 940 200
16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370350,000
17 16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 35069,300,000
18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 1651,460,000
19 74 tungsten W 160.6 1.1 1.2586,400
20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 12076,000
21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145
22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 10226,000,000
23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90
24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 842,250,000
25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 7011,900,000
26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 6019,400,000
27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5
28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5
29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39
30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 336,000
31 7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19140,000,000
32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25123,000
33 3 lithium Li 20 17 2035,000
34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 2064,000
35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19
36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22
37 82 lead Pb 14 10 144,820,000
38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05
39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6
40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2
41 5 boron B 950 8.7 109,400,000
42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2
43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2
44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0
45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5
46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2
47 55 caesium Cs 3 1.9 3
48 4 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8220
49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3280,000
50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0
51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.774,119
52 73 tantalum Ta 2 1.7 2.01,100
53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5155
54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2227,000
55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.836,500
56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3
57 65 terbium Tb 1.10.94|4}} 1.2
58 69 thulium Tm0.48|4}}0.45|4}} 0.52
59 35 bromine Br0.37|4}} 3 2.4391,000
60 81 thallium Tl0.6|4}}0.530|4}} 0.850 10
6171lutetium[8]Lu 0.5
62 51 antimony Sb0.2|4}}0.2|4}} 0.2130,000
63 53 iodine I0.14|4}}0.490|4}} 0.45031,600
64 48 cadmium Cd0.11|4}}0.15|4}} 0.15 23,000
65 47 silver Ag0.070|4}}0.080|4}} 0.07527,000
66 80 mercury Hg0.05|4}}0.067|4}} 0.0854,500
67 34 selenium Se0.05|4}}0.05|4}} 0.052,200
68 49 indium In0.049|4}}0.160|4}} 0.250655
69 83 bismuth Bi0.048|4}}0.025|4}} 0.008510,200
70 52 tellurium Te0.005|4}}0.001|4}} 0.0012,200
71 78 platinum Pt0.003|4}} 0.0037 0.005172
72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.0043,100
73 44 ruthenium Ru0.001|4}}0.001|4}} 0.001
74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208
75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2
76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001
77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001
78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015

See also

  • Abundances of the elements (data page)
  • Primordial nuclide
  • List of chemical elements
  • Atmospheric chemistry

References

1. ^Anderson, Don L.; ‘Chemical Composition of the Mantle’ in Theory of the Earth, pp. 147-175 ISBN 0865421234
2. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elterr.html|title = Elements, Terrestrial Abundance|publisher = www.daviddarling.info|accessdate = 2007-04-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070410165310/http://daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elterr.html| archivedate= 10 April 2007 | deadurl= no}}
3. ^{{cite web|last = Barbalace|first = Kenneth|url = http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/|title = Periodic Table of Elements|publisher = Environmental Chemistry.com|accessdate = 2007-04-14}}
4. ^ {{cite web|url = http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust.html|title = Abundance in Earth's Crust|publisher = WebElements.com|accessdate = 2007-04-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070309033534/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust.html| archivedate= 9 March 2007 | deadurl= no}}
5. ^ {{cite web|url = https://www.science.co.il/elements/?s=Earth|title = List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust|publisher = Israel Science and Technology Homepage|accessdate = 2007-04-15}}
6. ^ {{cite web|url = http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/index.html|title = It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements|publisher = Jefferson Lab|accessdate = 2007-04-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070429032414/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/index.html| archivedate= 29 April 2007| deadurl= no}}
7. ^Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet  . WNA.
8. ^{{cite book| pages=240–242| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&pg=PA241| title =Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements| first =John |last=Emsley| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-850341-5| year=2001}}
  • BookRags, Periodic Table.
  • World Book Encyclopedia, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090421205808/http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Students?content_spotlight%2Fearth%2Fexploring Exploring Earth].
  • HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
  • Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS  .
  • Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007

3 : Structure of the Earth|Properties of chemical elements|Lists of chemical elements
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