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词条 Mangatangi River
释义

  1. River or Stream?

  2. Geology

  3. Human use

      Mangatangi Dam    Bridges  

  4. Ecology

      Species    Environmental issues  

  5. References

  6. {{coord|-37.224363|175.174833|region:NZ_type:river|display=title}}External links

{{distinguish|text=Mangatangi Streams near Waverley, near Shannon, or flowing into Lake Taharoa}}{{Infobox river
| name =Mangatangi River
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =New Zealand
| source1_location =Hunua Ranges
| mouth_location =Maramarua River
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 =New Zealand
| length =approx. {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation ={{convert|688|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| mouth_elevation ={{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_location=SH 2 bridge
| discharge1_min ={{convert|0.127|m3/s|impgal/s|0|abbr=off}}
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max ={{convert|183|m3/s|impgal/s|0|abbr=on}}
| basin_size ={{convert|196|km2|0|abbr=on}}
}}

The Mangatangi River, or Mangatangi Stream, is a tributary of the Maramarua, which flows into the Waikato River in New Zealand. Mangatangi can be translated as ma nga tangi to stream of weeping,[1] or as rippling stream, or babbling brook.[2]

{{Geographic Location|title=Neighbouring areas|noicon=yes|width=auto|Northwest=|North=Hunua Ranges|Northeast=|West=Hunua|Centre=Mangatangi River|East=Firth of Thames|South=SH2|Southeast=|Southwest=Mercer}}

River or Stream?

The dictionary defines a river as a large natural stream. The Mangatangi is called a stream by some sources and a river by others. The New Zealand Geographic Board hasn't given it an official name.[3]

The 1:50,000 map shows it as a Stream,[4] but LAWA calls it a River,[5] as does Regional Council in documents on swimming[6] and flow,[7] but a Stream in its catchment management plan.[8] Other references to River are 1894[9] and 1895[10] requests for a bridge, a Ratification Information Booklet and on Te Awa,[11] RNZ,[12] District Council,[13] National Library and [https://mangatangi.org.nz/our-history/31-first-impressions-of-mangatangi-1915 local historical group] websites.

Geology

The river starts as several small streams on the eastern slopes of the Hunuas. Greywacke and argillite[14] of the Waipapa Group[13] form the High Hunua Horst and underlie the river in the Hunua Ranges.[14] The south-eastern boundary of the horst is the Mangatangi Fault, which runs along the north-west side of the mid section of the river.[14] The upper stream is typically shallow, fast flowing, with cobble and gravel substrate.[15]

Human use

As well as being a water and recreation resource, the river was historically a transport link. It also provided shingle to metal local roads[16] and that use continues.[17] A flax industry also existed as late as 1930.[18]

Mangatangi Dam

The earth-fill dam ({{Convert|2140000|m3||abbr=on}}, with stone facing, was built between 1972 and 1977, on a foundation drainage filled with greywacke,[19] with a {{Convert|67|m|ft|abbr=on}} high bellmouth spillway.[20] It is {{Convert|340|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, {{Convert|78|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and can hold {{Convert|39000000|m3|impgal|abbr=on}} of water covering {{Convert|169|ha||abbr=on}}.[19]

Bridges

In 1897 Whangamarino Road Board built a girder bridge across the river.[21] By 1914 it was in disrepair.[22] A flood swept a temporary bridge away, whilst a replacement was being built in 1922.[23]

Further upstream, Stubbs Bridge was also built in 1922, swept away in 1966 and replaced in 1967.[24]

In 1921 Franklin County Council rejected a tender for a bridge with concrete piers, a main span of {{Convert|64|ft||abbr=on}} and two {{Convert|20|ft||abbr=on}} side spans.[25] Stubbs Bridge was opened on 22 December 1924 by Minister of Public Works, Gordon Coates.[26]

Ecology

Species

Introduced species include rainbow and brown trout. Koi carp[27] and mosquitofish, have become major pests.

Trout were introduced in 1885.[28]

Water quality is high in the regional park, but degrades downstream with increasing agricultural land use, so that by the Watercare Services Ltd flow gauging weir, given consent in 2001, only eels and Crans bully were recorded. Galaxiids are largely absent upstream of the weir. Longfinned and shortfinned eels, and Crans bully are common.[15] Attempts were made in the past to trap eels, in the belief that they damaged fisheries.[29]

Grey teal, brown teal and grey duck have been seen on the reservoir.[30]

Environmental issues

Pollution measurements near the mouth of the river show that it is among the worst 25% of waterways in the country for a majority of pollutants.[27] The catchment is mostly fertile farmland, so intensive agriculture is present and significant agricultural pollution is leached into groundwater and contained in the runoff.

The removal of the native vegetation throughout the catchment to accommodate the increasing demand for farmland has contributed to the silting of the river with loose soils from eroded farmland. That would have been exacerbated by floating the felled logs down the stream, which was licensed under the Timber Floating Act 1873 till at least 1911.[31]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-language-week/1000-maori-place-names|title=1000 Māori place names - Te Wiki o Te Reo Māori - Māori Language Week {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=2017-12-20}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://wdcsitefinity.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/your-council/plans-policies-and-bylaws/plans/community-plans/north-eastern-waikato---community-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=409b6c9_2|title=North Eastern Waikato Community Plan 2011|last=|first=|date=|website=Waikato District Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/regulatory/place-names/find-name/new-zealand-gazetteer-official-geographic-names/new-zealand-gazetteer-search-place-names#zoom=6&lat=-37.22433&lon=175.17478&layers=BTTT|title=New Zealand Gazetteer: Search for Place Names|website=Land Information New Zealand (LINZ)|language=en-NZ|access-date=2017-11-24}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz7644/Mangatangi-Stream/Waikato|title=Mangatangi Stream, Waikato|last=|first=|date=|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-05}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/river-quality/waikato-river/mangatangi-river-at-sh2-maramarua/|title=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa (LAWA) - Mangatangi River at SH2 Maramarua|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lawa.org.nz|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-05}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/environment/natural-resources/water/rivers/our-other-rivers/water-quality-monitoring-map/mangatangi-river-at-maramarua/|title=Mangatangi River at Maramarua|website=Waikato Regional Council|language=en-NZ|access-date=2017-12-05}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://riverlevelsmap.waikatoregion.govt.nz/cgi-bin/hydwebserver.cgi/points/details?point=1605&catchment=17|title=River Level Primary at Mangatangi|last=|first=|date=|website=riverlevelsmap.waikatoregion.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-05}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Part-One-catchment-overview-draft-for-consultation.pdf|title=Lake Waikare and Whangamarino Wetland Catchment Management Plan|last=|first=|date=2017|website=Waikato Regional Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18941212.2.69|title=ROAD BOARD MEETINGS. (New Zealand Herald, 1894-12-12)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-24}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18951225.2.56|title=COUNTRY NEWS. (New Zealand Herald, 1895-12-25)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-24}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/16248/mangatangi-dam|title=Mangatangi dam|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=2017-12-05}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/224999/mangatangi-marae-says-mine-adds-insult-to-injury|title=Mangatangi Marae says mine adds insult to injury|date=2013-10-17|work=Radio New Zealand|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en-nz}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gns.cri.nz/gns/Home/Our-Science/Earth-Science/Regional-Geology/Geological-Maps/1-250-000-Geological-Map-of-New-Zealand-QMAP/Digital-Data-and-Downloads|title=1:250 000 Geological Map of New Zealand (QMAP) / Auckland - GNS Science|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gns.cri.nz|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-20}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_77/rsnz_77_03_005370.html|title=The Geology of the Tuakau-Mercer Area|last=|first=|date=1948|website=Royal Society of New Zealand|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-19}}
15. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/technicalpublications/TP236_Hunua_stream_barriers.pdf|title=Barriers to fish passage in the Hunua Ranges and Waharau Regional Parks|last=Barnes|first=Grant E|date=June 2004|website=Auckland Regional Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19241206.2.159.63|title=THE MOTOR WORLD (New Zealand Herald, 1924-12-06)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-25}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=http://mrrl.co.nz/our-products/|title=Our Products|last=|first=|date=|work=Mangatangi River Rock Ltd|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19300218.2.16|title=EXCHANGE ON LONDON. (New Zealand Herald, 1930-02-18)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-19}}
19. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.ipenz.org.nz/heritage/itemdetail.cfm?itemid=2686|title=Engineering Heritage|website=www.ipenz.org.nz|access-date=2017-11-24}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/slaking-the-big-thirst/|title=Slaking the Big Thirst|work=New Zealand Geographic|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-NZ}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS18970306.2.12|title=SATURDAY, MARCH 6, 1897. (Waikato Argus, 1897-03-06)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-25}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PWT19140710.2.20|title=WORK IN THE COUNTY. (Pukekohe & Waiuku Times, 1914-07-10)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-25}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PWT19220131.2.8|title=TUESDAY, JANUARY 31, 1922. LOCAL AND GENERAL. (Pukekohe & Waiuku Times, 1922-01-31)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-25}}
24. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://wdcsitefinity.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/your-distric/heritage/may-2016---stubbs-bridge---mangatangi-river.pdf?sfvrsn=9936b8c9_2|title=Stubbs Bridge - Mangatangi River|last=|first=|date=|website=Waikato District Council|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PWT19210208.2.34|title=ROAD WORKS IN FRANKLIN. (Pukekohe & Waiuku Times, 1921-02-08)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-18}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/PWT19241224.2.25|title=POSTAL PROGRESS. (Pukekohe & Waiuku Times, 1924-12-24)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-18}}
27. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.lawa.org.nz/explore-data/waikato-region/river-quality/waikato-river/mangatangi-river-at-sh2-maramarua/|title=Land, Air, Water Aotearoa - Mangatangi River at SH2 Maramarua|last=|first=|date=|website=www.lawa.org.nz|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-24}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/THA18850131.2.28|title=SUMMARY GOLD RETURNS. (Thames Advertiser, 1885-01-31)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-05}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19380914.2.150|title=CLEARING RIVER OF EELS (New Zealand Herald, 1938-09-14)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-25}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdingnz.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=5932|title=ducks on Mangatangi dam Hunua|last=|first=|date=|website=www.birdingnz.net|language=en-gb|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-24}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19110727.2.12|title=AUCKLAND LAND BOARD. (Auckland Star, 1911-07-27)|last=|first=|date=|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-25}}

{{coord|-37.224363|175.174833|region:NZ_type:river|display=title}}External links

  • [https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/services/regional-services/river-levels-and-rainfall/flood-event-pages/photo-gallery/ Photo of 2008 flood near SH2 bridge]
  • Retrolens aerial photos from 1952
  • [https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19280125.2.111 Photos of 1928 inspection of gauging weir]

2 : Rivers of Waikato|Waikato District
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