| 词条 | Acacus Mountains | |||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| image = File:Tadrart Acacus 1.jpg | image_upright = 1.2 | caption = | official_name = Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus | location = Ghat District, Libya | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)}}(iii) | ID = 287 | coordinates = {{coord|24|50|N|10|20|E|format=dms}} | year = 1985 | extension = | danger = 2016–... | area = | buffer_zone = | website = | embedded = | locmapin = Libya | map_caption = }} The Acacus Mountains or Tadrart Akakus ({{lang-ar|تدرارت أكاكوس}} / ALA-LC: Tadrārt Akākūs) form a mountain range in the desert of the Ghat District in western Libya, part of the Sahara. They are situated east of the city of Ghat, Libya and stretch north from the border with Algeria, about {{convert|100|km}}. The area has a particularly rich array of prehistoric rock art. HistoryEtymologyTadrart is the feminine form of "mountain" in the Berber languages (masculine: adrar). Rock artThe area is known for its rock art and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 because of the importance of these paintings and carvings. The paintings date from 12,000 BCE to 100 CE and reflect cultural and natural changes in the area.[1] There are paintings and carvings of animals such as giraffes, elephants, ostriches and camels, but also of men and horses. People are depicted in various daily life situations, for example while making music and dancing.[2][3] Milk lipidsTadrart Acacus is also the site of the earliest appearance of processed milk lipids on ceramics, which have been radiocarbon-dated to 7,500 BP.[4] Vandalism and destruction since 1969During Muammar Gaddafi’s rule from 1969 through 2011, the Department of Antiquities was badly neglected. Since 2005, the search for petroleum hidden underground has placed the rock art itself in danger. Seismic hammers are used to send shock waves underneath to locate oil deposits, and have noticeable effects on nearby rocks, including the ones that house the Tadrart Acacus rock art.[5] Looting of ancient artifacts reached a level of crisis.[6] In response UNESCO called for a major awareness campaign, to heighten awareness of Libya's archaeological and cultural heritage and to alert Libyans that their heritage is "being looted by thieves and destroyed by developers."[7] In 2012 following his departure, efforts were made to train staff through a $2.26 million UNESCO project, with the Libyan and Italian governments. The project included conservation, protection and education. Along with Tadrart Acacus, Libya has four other UNESCO World Heritage sites: Cyrene, Leptis Magna, Sabratha and Ghadames.[8] UNESCO advised that "a centre should be established at Ghat or Uweynat to train the staff in charge of the protection and management of the property and to host a museum which is expected to play an important [role] in terms of awareness raising."[9] UNESCO State of Conservation (SOC) reports from 2011, 2012 and 2013 show that at least ten of the rock-art sites have been the object of deliberate and considerable destruction since at least April 2009.[10] The ambiguity surrounding property boundaries of the World Heritate Site and therefore the property management combined with lack of local understanding of its cultural values were contributing factors in the ongoing vandalism. Conflicts in the area since 2011 led to increased vandalism.[9] In May 2013 UNESCO undertook a technical mission to assess the state of conservation the Tadrart Acacus site and to "build-up a strategic plan to enforce the protection and management of this unique cultural and natural context."[11] On 14 April 2014 two kinds of vandals were reported, those who thoughtlessly carve their own names beside the ancient rock art and those who deliberately use chemical products to remove the rock drawings.[12] On April 20, 2014, the French special correspondent {{Interlanguage link multi|Jacques-Marie Bourget|fr}} was informed by a local journalist from Ghat, Libya, Aziz Al-Hachi, that the UNESCO Rock-Art World Heritage Site of Tadrart Acacus was being destroyed with sledgehammers and scrub brushes.[13][14] GeographyThe Tadrart Acacus have a large variation of landscapes, from different-coloured dunes to arches, gorges, isolated rocks and deep wadis (ravines). Major landmarks include the arches of Afzejare and Tin Khlega. Although this area is one of the most arid in the Sahara, there is vegetation, such as the medicinal Calotropis procera, and there are a number of springs and wells in the mountains.[15] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/287 |title=UNESCO Fact Sheet |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-09}} 2. ^{{cite map |publisher = EWP |title = Jebel Acacus Map and Guide |url = http://ewpnet.com/libya/akakus.htm |edition = 1st |year = 2006 |cartography= EWP |scale = 1:100,000, inset 1:400,000. Tourist and cave art information. |isbn = 0-906227-93-3}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ewpnet.com/libya/acacus/index.htm |title=Acacus Rock Art Photo Gallery |publisher=Ewpnet.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601042449/http://www.ewpnet.com/libya/acacus/index.htm |archive-date=2013-06-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gifford-Gonzalez|first1=Diane|title=Animal Genetics and African Archaeology: Why It Matters|journal=African Archaeological Review|date=2013|volume=30|pages=1–20|doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9130-7}} 5. ^{{cite news|author=Bohannon, John|title=In the Valley of Life, Oil is Death to the Art of a Lost Civilization|date=10 February 2005|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/feb/10/heritage.artsandhumanities}} 6. ^{{citation|title=Libyan archaeologists look to the future with new training|first=Tom |last=Little|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/12/23/libyan-archaeologists-look-to-the-future-with-new-training/#ixzz30zUDRKFY|publisher=Libyan Herald|accessdate=5 May 2014|date=23 December 2013}} 7. ^{{citation|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/25/unesco-training-to-combat-the-looting-of-libyan-antiquities/#ixzz30zRTDVxN|publisher=Libyan Herald|title=UNESCO training to combat the looting of Libyan antiquities|date=25 September 2013|accessdate=5 May 2014}} 8. ^{{citation|url=http://www.libya-businessnews.com/2012/12/07/unesco-supports-libyan-heritage-with-2m-project/|title=UNESCO supports Libyan Heritage with $2m Project|date=7 December 2012|accessdate=5 May 2014|publisher=Libya Business News}} 9. ^1 {{citation|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/343/|title=State of Conservation (SOC): Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus|year=2013|accessdate=4 May 2014}} 10. ^{{citation|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/343/|title=State of Conservation (SOC): Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus|year=2011|accessdate=4 May 2014}} 11. ^{{citation|url=http://unsmil.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=3543&mid=6187&ItemID=1647730|publisher=United Nations|title=UNESCO organizes training course for conservation and restores of Libyan Artefacts|year=2013|accessdate=5 May 2014}} 12. ^{{citation|title=Graffiti defaces prehistoric rock art in Libya|url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20140414-graffiti-vandalism-destroys-prehistoric-rock-art-libya|date=14 April 2014|accessdate=5 May 2014|publisher=Observers: France 24|first=Sarra |last=Grira}} 13. ^{{citation|title=Libye : Les salafistes wahhabites libyens détruisent un site de 12.000 ans d'âge|date=29 April 2014 |url=http://www.algerie1.com/international-2/libye-les-salafistes-wahhabites-libyens-detruisent-un-site-de-12-000-ans-dage/|location= Algeria}} 14. ^{{citation|url=http://mondafrique.com/lire/decryptages/2014/04/20/libye-12-000-ans-effaces-au-white-spirit|publisher=Mondafrique|date=2014-04-20|accessdate=2014-05-04|title=Libye, 12 000 ans effacés au white spirit|first=Jacques-Marie |last=Bourget}} 15. ^Kjeilen, Tore (2009) "Acacus Mountains: Total wilderness" LookLex Ltd. Further reading
External links{{commons category|Tadrart Acacus}}
11 : Mountain ranges of Libya|Archaeological sites in Libya|Saharan rock art|Deserts of Libya|Sahara|Prehistoric Africa|Ghat, Libya|Fezzan|Tuareg|World Heritage Sites in Libya|Tourism in Libya |
|||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。