| 词条 | Acaena novae-zelandiae |
| 释义 |
| name = Red bidibid | image = Acaena novae-zelandiae 1.jpg | image_caption = | genus = Acaena | species = novae-zelandiae | authority = Kirk| }}Acaena novae-zelandiae, commonly known as red bidibid,[1] bidgee widgee,[2] buzzy[3] and piri-piri bur,[4] is a small herbaceous, prostrate perennial, native to New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea,[5] belonging to the Rosaceae family.[1] DescriptionAcaena novae-zelandiae is a small herbaceous perennial. It is stoloniferous with prostrate stems of 1.5 – 2 mm diameter.[5] Damage to stolons encourages new shoots to be produced.[8]It has imparipinnate leaves, with 9 - 15 toothed, oblong leaflets, which are approximately 2 –11 cm long.[5] The adaxial surface of the leaves is dark green and shiny, and the abaxial surface is hairy and glaucous green in colouration.[2][5][6] The rachis of the leaves is often red.[5] The scape is 10 – 15 cm long[5] and bears a globular, terminal inflorescence, of 20 – 25 mm diameter,[2] with 70 – 100 flowers.[5][6] The flowers lack petals and can range in colour from green to white or purple.[7] The flowers are wind pollinated.[8] Each flower produces one achene, bearing four approximately 10 mm long spines,[2] tipped with barbs,[2][5][6] which aid dispersal by attaching to wool, feathers and various clothing materials.[9] When the fruit are ripe, these spines are red in colouration, later becoming brown. Taxonomy and namingAcaena novae-zelandiae was first formally described in 1871 by Thomas Kirk who published the description in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute.[10][11] The genus name (Acaena) is derived from the Ancient Greek word akaina meaning "thorn" or "spine",[12] referring to the spiny calyx of many species of Acaena. The specific epithet (novae-zelandiae) refers to New Zealand.[1]Distribution and habitatRed bidibid is native to New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea. It has also become naturalised in California, Great Britain and Ireland.[5] It is regarded as invasive in Great Britain where it has established itself in places such as dune habitats on Lindisfarne.[13][14] It occurs within a wide range of habitats, including woodlands, shrublands and grasslands, from coastal areas to alpine areas.[2][6] It grows in freely draining soils such as silty and sandy loams, typically on sites which receive a high amount of sunlight.[6] It also establishes readily on disturbed sites such as roadsides.[9] UsesAcaena novae-zelandiae may be used for ground cover in gardens or as a lawn substitute. This plant can be prevented from spreading by limiting disturbance to stolons, thus reducing vegetative propagation,[8] and by mowing flowers before the burrs form.[15]It has also been suggested that dried “tiny tips”[16] of young succulent leaves may be brewed as tea.[15][16][17][18] References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Acaena novae-zelandiae |url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2043 |publisher=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |accessdate=12 August 2018}} {{Use British English|date=November 2010}}{{Commons category|Acaena novae-zelandiae}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2714984}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/sip_salt_bidgee_widgee|title=Bidgee-widgee|last=Australia|first=Victorian Resources Online, Agriculture Victoria|website=vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-03-12}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.weeds.asn.au/tasmanian-weeds/view-by-common-name/|title=View By Common Name {{!}} Tamar Valley Weed Strategy|website=www.weeds.asn.au|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-12}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.invasiveweedsolutions.co.uk/invasive-weeds/non-native/pirri-pirri-bur|title=Pirri-pirri-bur|website=IWSL|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-12}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite book|title=Flora Of New Zealand : Volume IV, Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons|last=Webb|first=C|last2=Sykes|first2=W|last3=Garnock-Jones|first3=P|last4=Given|first4=D|publisher=Botany Division, D.S.I.R.|year=1988|isbn=|location=Christchurch, NZ|pages=1062}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Gynn|first=E|last2=Richards|first2=A|date=1985|title=Acaena Novae-Zelandiae T. Kirk|jstor=2260167|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=73|issue=3|pages=1055–1063|doi=10.2307/2260167|bibcode=2009JEcol..98...74B}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://grdc.com.au/archive/ute-guides/weeds/multiple-leaflets/south/bidgee-widgee|title=Bidgee-widgee|last=Corporation|first=Grains Research and Development|website=Grains Research and Development Corporation|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-03-12}} 8. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/IPC/encycloweedia/weedinfo/acaena.htm|title=CDFA > PLANT > INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL > Encycloweedia > Noxious Weed Photographic Gallery > Acaena genus|last=Agriculture|first=California Department of Food and|website=www.cdfa.ca.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-12}} 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Mount|first=A|last2=Pickering|first2=C|date=2009|title=Testing the capacity of clothing to act as a vector for non-native seed in protected areas|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479709002631|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=91|issue=1|pages=168–179|via=Science Direct|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.002|pmid=19717222}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Acaena novae-zelandiae|url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/483657|publisher=APNI|accessdate=12 August 2018}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kirk |first1=Thomas |title=Descriptions of new plants |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute |date=1871 |volume=3 |pages=177–178 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107521#page/357/mode/1up |accessdate=12 August 2018}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|page=796}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Pirri-pirri-bur |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/pirri-pirri-bur |publisher=Plant Life |accessdate=12 August 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Pirri-pirri burr (Acaena novae-zelandiae) |url=http://www.nonnativespecies.org/downloadDocument.cfm?id=1404 |publisher=GB non-native secretariat |accessdate=12 August 2018}} 15. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.victoriannativeseed.com.au/?product=bidgee-widgee|title=Bidgee-widgee - Victorian Native Seed|work=Victorian Native Seed|access-date=2018-03-12|language=en-US}} 16. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.ccc.tas.gov.au/contentFile.aspx?filename=PlantBkFINAL3.pdf|title=Plants for the water friendly garden|last=|first=|date=|website=City of Clarence|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.potn.com.au/edible_plants.html|title=Plants of Tasmania Nursery & Gardens|website=www.potn.com.au|access-date=2018-03-12}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.habitatplants.com.au/hpwp/wp-content/uploads/Tas-Edible-Native-Plants.pdf|title=Edible Native Plants of Tasmania|last=Hopkins|first=Kat|last2=Alexander|first2=Mark|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 11 : Acaena|Garden plants of New Zealand|Garden plants of Australia|Rosales of Australia|Flora of New South Wales|Flora of Queensland|Flora of South Australia|Flora of Victoria (Australia)|Flora of Tasmania|Invasive plant species in the United States|Plants described in 1871 |
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