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词条 Marine protected areas of South Africa
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Purpose

  3. History and extent

  4. Legislation

     Management 

  5. Zonation

  6. List of MPAs

     Proposed 

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|Protected areas of coastline or ocean in the EEZ of South Africa}}

A marine protected area of South Africa is an area of coastline or ocean within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the Republic of South Africa that is protected in terms of specific legislation.[1]

There are a total of 45 marine protected areas in the South African EEZ, with a total area of 5% of the waters. The target is to have 10% of the oceanic waters protected by 2020. All but one of the MPAs are in the coastal waters off continental South Africa, and one is off Prince Edward Island in the Southern Ocean.

Definition

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a marine protected area as:

A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated, and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.[1]

A marine protected area (MPA) is a protected area of sea or estuary. These areas can range from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[1]

As of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[6]

Purpose

{{empty section|date=January 2019}}

History and extent

Before 2018, South Africa had 25 formally declared Marine Protected Areas, of which 24 are in the coastal waters of the continental territory, and one is in the waters of Prince Edward Island in the Southern Ocean.[1]

The coastal MPAs constitute 0.43% of the continental EEZ, and 0.16% of the EEZ is no-take zone. Offshore ecosystems are the least protected ecosystems of territory under South African management.[1]

In 2018, 20 new MPAs were proclaimed by the South African government. This increased the area of the continental protected areas to 5%. To comply with the goals of the United Nations, another 5% of South African oceanic waters must be protected by 2020.[1]

Legislation

  • Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998[10]
  • Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004
  • Integrated Coastal Management Act, No. 24 of 2008[12]
  • Protected Areas Act 2003[13]

Management

The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, such as CapeNature, City of Cape Town (CoCT), Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency (ECPTA), Nelson Mandela Bay Metro (NMBM), South African National Parks (SANParks), and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.[14]

South African coastal MPA’s are usually attached to a terrestrial national park or nature reserve, and the management of that park or reserve also manages the MPA, funded by the national government via the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).[14]

Zonation

Zonation of marine protected areas in South Africa is classified by the Marine Living Resources Act[14] and the National Environmental Management Act.[17] An MPA may be divided into one or more types of zonation. Restricted and controlled areas are common.[14]

Restricted area

Also known as a no-take zone, is a part of a marine protected area where extraction and harvesting of any marine and plant life is prohibited.[14]

Controlled area

Also known an open area, is a part of an MPA where extraction and harvesting of marine life is allowed but restricted to specific activities, species, and catch limits, and other commercial activities, subject to a specific permit, basically a form of taxation, issued for that activity for a specified time period, usually a year. These activities include spearfishing (on breathhold), angling, scuba diving, snorkelling for mollusc extraction, boating, commercial diving, salvage operations, commercial fishing, whale watching, shark cage diving or filming.[14]

Wilderness area

Part of a marine protected area where no fishing may take place, but ecotourism activities that do not affect wilderness characteristics and attributes may be authorised.[21]

Sanctuary area

Part of a marine protected area where no fishing or any other activity contemplated in terms of section 48A(1) of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, No. 57 of 2003 may take place, except for scientific research purposes. This prohibits fishing, collection or destruction of any fauna or flora, dredging or extraction of mineral materials, discharging or depositing any waste or pollutants, disturbing, altering or damaging the natural environment or water quality, removing seawater, conducting any activity which may adversely affect the ecosystem, constructing any building or other structure, marine aquaculture, bio-prospecting, sinking any platform, vessel or structure, prospecting for or extracting fossil fuels.[17]

List of MPAs

  • {{annotated link|Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area}} (Nelson Mandela Bay, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area}} (South of Cape Agulhas, Western Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area}} (South of Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Agulhas Mud Marine Protected Area}} (South of Cape Agulhas, Western Cape. 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area}} (KwaZulu-Natal, 2004)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Aliwal Shoal Offshore Marine Protected Area}} (South Coast, KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)[23]
  • Amathole (2001)[27]{{clarify|date=January 2019}}
  • {{annotated link|Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area}} (East London, Eastern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area}} (West of Doringbaai, Western Cape) (proposed?){{clarify|date=January 2019}}
  • {{annotated link|Benguela Mud Marine Protected Area}} (West of Saldanha Bay, Western Cape,2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Bird Island Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2004)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area}} (South of Struisbaai, Western Cape) (proposed?){{clarify|date=January 2019}}
  • {{annotated link|Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area}} (South of Cape Town, Western Cape, 2018)([23]
  • {{annotated link|Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area}} (West of Cape Columbine, Western Cape, 2018)[23]
  • Castle Rock Marine Protected Area, previously known as the Millers Point Marine Reserve, now part of Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Childs Bank Marine Protected Area}} (West of Namaqualand, Western Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|De Hoop Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Goukamma Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Helderberg Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Hluleka Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area}} (KwaZulu-Natal)
  • {{annotated link|iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area}} (North Coast, KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Jutten Island Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Malgas Island Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Maputaland Marine Protected Area}} (KwaZulu-Natal, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Marcus Island Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape)[27]
  • Mkambati (2000)[27]{{clarify|date=January 2019}}
  • {{annotated link|Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area}} (Off Kleinzee, Namaqualand, Northern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area}} (Off Namaqualand, Northern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area}} (Off Port Nolloth, Northern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Pondoland Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2004)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area}} (Offshore of Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Prince Edward Island Marine Protected Area}} (Southern Ocean, 2013)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Protea Banks Marine Protected Area}} (South Coast, KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Robben Island Marine Protected Area}} (Cape Town, Western Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Robberg Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area}}(South of Knysna, Western Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Southwest Indian Seamounts Marine Protected Area}} (South of Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Stilbaai Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2008)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area}} (Western Cape, 2004)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Trafalgar Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area}} (Eastern Cape, 2000)[27]
  • {{annotated link|uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area}} (KwaZulu-Natal, 2018)[23]
  • {{annotated link|Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary}} (Western Cape, 2001, seasonal)[27]

Proposed

{{empty section|date=January 2019}}

References

1. ^National Geographic Magazine, January 2011
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 {{cite web|url=https://cer.org.za/virtual-library/legislation/national/marine-and-coastal/marine-living-resources-act-1998 |title=Declarations|publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria|via=Centre for Environmental rights|accessdate=18 January 2019 }}
3. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf|journal=Regulation Gazette No. 10553 |title=R118. Draft Regulations for the management of the Isimangaliso Marine Protected Area|volume=608 No.39646|date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria }}
4. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://mpaforum.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Legislation-ICM-ACT-No.-24-of-2008.pdf |title= National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, No. 24 of 2008 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria|date=2008 }}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |title=Marine Protected Areas |website=mpaforum.org.za |accessdate=18 January 2019 }}
6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.mpatlas.org/explore/ |title=Explore |work=MPAtlas |publisher=Marine Conservation Institute |accessdate=2016-09-02}}
7. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://cer.org.za/virtual-library/legislation/national/marine-and-coastal/marine-living-resources-act-1998 |title=Marine Living Resources Act No. 18 of 1998 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria|date=1998 }}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 {{cite web|url=https://www.marineprotectedareas.org.za/mpas-overview/ |title=Meet South Africa's new Marine Protected Areas |website=www.marineprotectedareas.org.za |accessdate=18 January 2019 }}
9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mpa.html|title=What is a marine protect?|last=Administration|first=US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2018-02-05}}
10. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ecosystems/mpa/ |title=Marine Protected Areas |website=National Ocean Service |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate=2016-09-02}}
11. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://mpaforum.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Legislation-protected_areas_act57-03.pdf |title=National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 2003|publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria|date=2003 }}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=https://www.marineprotectedareas.org.za/protecting-the-ocean |title=Protecting the ocean |website=www.marineprotectedareas.org.za |accessdate=18 January 2019 }}
13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/ProtectAreasAct.pdf |title=National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 as amended by National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Amendment Acts 31 0f 2004, 15 of 2009, 21 of 2014 and National Environmental Laws Amendment Act 14 of 2009 |publisher=Government printer|location=Pretoria |at=Section 48A. Restriction of activities in marine protected areas |via=SANParks |accessdate=3 February 2019 }}
[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
}}

External links

  • Compendium of South African Environmental Legislation, 2nd edition
{{Marine protected areas of South Africa}}{{Marine biodiversity of South Africa}}

2 : Marine protected areas of South Africa|Marine biodiversity of South Africa
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