| 词条 | Mary Louisa Willard |
| 释义 |
| name = Mary Louisa Willard | image = | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1898|05|19}} | birth_place = State College, Pennsylvania | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1993|04|17|1898|05|19}} | death_place = | nationality = American | field = {{unbulleted list|Microscopy|Forensic science}} | work_institutions = Pennsylvania State University | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|Pennsylvania State University| Cornell University}} | doctoral_advisor = | awards = }} Mary Louisa Willard (May 19, 1898 – April 17, 1993) was internationally recognized for her work in microscopy and forensic science. She began working at Pennsylvania State University as an assistant in 1921, and retired as professor emerita in 1964. She assisted law enforcement officers throughout her career and after her formal retirement, often without pay. Education and careerMary Louisa Willard was born May 19, 1898,[1] at Moffat Cottage on the Penn State campus, to Joseph Moody Willard and Henrietta Nunn.[1] Her father was a professor at Pennsylvania State University.[2] She completed her bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1921, becoming an assistant in the chemistry department. In 1923, when she completed her master's degree in organic chemistry, she was promoted to instructor. In 1927, she received her doctorate from Cornell University where she worked with William Ridgely Orndorff.[3] She then became an assistant professor at Penn State. In 1938, she became a full professor. She officially retired in 1964, becoming a professor emerita, but continued her criminological work.[4] She published more than 40 articles on chemistry and criminology as well as laboratory manuals on chemical microscopy.[4] Among her publications was a short monograph on Pioneer Women in Chemistry.[5] She was an assistant editor of the journal Mikrochemie (Mikrochemica Acta), beginning in 1942.[1] ForensicsMary Willard specialized in microchemical analysis. She used a variety of techniques, including infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Her special focus was the crystallography of deformed crystals.[4] She became involved with her first criminal case in 1930, when she analyzed alcohol from a Prohibition violation.[4] Throughout her career she assisted law enforcement officials as an expert witness, often pro bono. Her investigations included murders, suicides, and automobile accidents. She was an early proponent of the analysis of hair and blood for the identification of suspected murder weapons. In one case in the 1950s, she determined that hair on a railroad spike was that of a child rather than a dog.[11] For others she measured ballistics, tire tracks, and clay samples from boots.[12] The institutions she assisted included the Sûreté, Scotland Yard, and Interpol, as well as more local law enforcement.[6] According to one estimate she was contacted by law enforcement officials on a daily basis, and appeared in court about once a month. The Pittsburgh Press called her "Lady Sherlock".[7] TeachingA founding member of the Iota chapter of Alpha Alpha State Delta Kappa Gamma International on March 1, 1947,[8] she was known for her mentoring of both male and female students.[2][9][18] She sometimes had her students gain real-world experience by helping to test materials for the criminal investigations in which she was involved.[19] Mary Willard died on April 17, 1993.[4] Her papers are located in the University Archives of Pennsylvania State University.[10] In 2009, the Mary Willard Trustee Scholarship was created to honor her, giving preference to students majoring in forensic science at Eberly College of Science.[11][12] Honors and awardsWillard was a member of the American Chemical Society (1921),[4] the American Institute of Chemists, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[9] She received a number of honors, including the following:
References1. ^1 {{Cite book|title = The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA1379|publisher = Taylor & Francis|date = 2000-01-01|isbn = 9780415920407|first = Marilyn Bailey|last = Ogilvie|first2 = Joy Dorothy|last2 = Harvey|chapter=Willard, Mary Louisa (1898–?)}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Willard, Mary Louisa}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Her Stories: Mary Louisa Willard|url=http://www.centrehistory.org/mary-louisa-willard/|website=Centre County Historical Society|accessdate=26 April 2016}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Orndorff|first1=W. R.|last2=Willard|first2=Mary L.|title=Hydroxyhydroquinolsulfonephthalein, 2', 4', 5'-trihydroxybenzoylbenzene-ortho-sulfonic acid (the intermediate acid) and some of their derivatives|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=May 1929|volume=51|issue=5|pages=1466–1474|doi=10.1021/ja01380a024}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|title=Mary L. Willard, 94|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|date=May 17, 1993|page=40}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Willard|first1=Mary Louisa|title=Pioneer Women in Chemistry|date=1940|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=State College, Pennsylvania}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Sonenklar|first1=Carol|title=We are a strong, articulate voice : a history of women at Penn State|date=2006|publisher=Pennsylvania State Univ. Press|location=University Park, Pa.|isbn=978-0271028576|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9mct6af9GUC&pg=PA47}} 7. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter F.|title=Lady Sherlock|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147790158/|accessdate=27 April 2016|work=The Pittsburgh Press|date=October 19, 1958}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=History of Iota Chapter Alpha Alpha State Delta Kappa Gamma International|url=http://www.deltakappagamma.org/PA-iota/history.htm|website=Delta Kappa Gamma Society International|accessdate=26 April 2016}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Stout|first1=Lee|title=CSI Pioneer Was an Influential, Beloved Figure|journal=Science Journal|date=2007|volume=26|issue=Spring|url=http://science.psu.edu/journal/Spring2007/AlumPhilanthSpr07.htm#CSI|accessdate=27 April 2016}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|title=Mary L. Willard papers, 1933–1980|url=https://beta.worldcat.org/archivegrid/collection/data/319540884|website=ArchiveGrid|accessdate=26 April 2016}} 11. ^1 {{cite news|title=Penn State alumnus endows Mary Willard Trustee Scholarship|url=http://news.psu.edu/story/177264/2009/04/21/penn-state-alumnus-endows-mary-willard-trustee-scholarship|accessdate=26 April 2016|work=Penn State News|date=April 21, 2009}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|title=Mary Willard Trustee Scholarship Created by Bob and Ruby Adams|url=http://science.psu.edu/alumni/recent-gift-announcements/mary-willard-trustee-scholarship-created-by-bob-and-ruby-adams|accessdate=26 April 2016|website=Penn State Eberly College of Science}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title=Division of Analytical Chemistry Completes 20 Years of Activity|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=April 1959|volume=31|issue=4|pages=17A–28A|doi=10.1021/ac50164a711}} 12 : 1898 births|1993 deaths|People from State College, Pennsylvania|20th-century American chemists|American women scientists|Women chemists|Women forensic scientists|20th-century women scientists|Forensic scientists|Cornell University alumni|Pennsylvania State University alumni|Pennsylvania State University faculty |
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