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词条 Mass shootings in the United States
释义

  1. Definition

  2. Frequency

     Differing sources 

  3. Demographics

  4. Contributing factors

  5. Weapons used

  6. Deadliest mass shootings since 1949

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. References

{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}

There is no fixed definition of a mass shooting,[2] but a common definition is an act of violence—excluding gang killings, domestic violence, or terrorist acts sponsored by an organization—in which a gunman kills at least four victims. Using this definition, one study found that nearly one-third of the world's public mass shootings between 1966 and 2012 (90 of 292 incidents) occurred in the United States.[3][3] Using the same definition, Gun Violence Archive (external link) records 152 mass shootings in the United States between 1967 and May 2018, averaging eight fatalities per incident when the perpetrator's death is included.[4]

The United States has had more mass shootings than any other country.[5][3][6][7][8] Shooters generally either die by suicide afterwards or are restrained or killed by law enforcement officers or civilians.[9]

Definition

There is no fixed definition of a mass shooting in the United States.[2] The Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012, signed into law by Congress in January 2013, defines a "mass killing" as one resulting in at least 3 victims, excluding the perpetrator.[10][2][11][12] In 2015, the Congressional Research Service defined a mass shooting as "a multiple homicide incident in which four or more victims are murdered with firearms, within one event, and in one or more locations in close proximity".[13] A broader definition, as used by the Gun Violence Archive, is that of "4 or more shot or killed, not including the shooter".[14] This definition, of four people shot regardless of whether or not that results in injury or death, is often used by the press and non-profit organizations.[15][16][17][18][19]

Frequency

Studies indicate that the rate at which public mass shootings occur has tripled since 2011. Between 1982 and 2011, a mass shooting occurred roughly once every 200 days. However, between 2011 and 2014 that rate has accelerated greatly with at least one mass shooting occurring every 64 days in the United States.[20]

In recent years, the number of public mass shootings has increased substantially, although there has been an approximately 50% decrease in firearm homicides in the nation overall since 1993. The decrease in firearm homicides has been attributed to better policing, a better economy and environmental factors such as the removal of lead from gasoline.[21]

Differing sources

A comprehensive report by USA Today tracked all mass killings from 2006 through 2017 in which the perpetrator willfully killed 4 or more people. For mass killings by firearm for instance, it found 271 incidents with a total of 1,358 victims.[22] Mother Jones listed seven mass shootings, defined as indiscriminate rampages in public places resulting in four or more victims killed,[23] in the U.S. for 2015.[24] An analysis by Michael Bloomberg's gun violence prevention group, Everytown for Gun Safety, identified 110 mass shootings, defined as shootings in which at least four people were murdered with a firearm, between January 2009 and July 2014; at least 57% were related to domestic or family violence.[25][26]

Other media outlets have reported that hundreds of mass shootings take place in the United States in a single calendar year, citing a crowd-funded website known as Shooting Tracker which defines a mass shooting as having four or more people injured or killed.[17] In December 2015, The Washington Post reported that there had been 355 mass shootings in the United States so far that year.[27] In August 2015, The Washington Post reported that the United States was averaging one mass shooting per day.[28] An earlier report had indicated that in 2015 alone, there had been 294 mass shootings that killed or injured 1,464 people.[29] Shooting Tracker and Mass Shooting Tracker, the two sites that the media have been citing, have been criticized for using a broader criteria – counting four victims injured as a mass shooting – thus producing much higher figures.[30][31]

Demographics

The majority of perpetrators are white males who act alone.[32] However, there is a common myth that shooters are disproportionately white, which is not true.[33]

Contributing factors

Several possible factors may work together to create a fertile environment for mass murder in the United States.[34] Most commonly suggested include:

  1. Higher accessibility and ownership of guns.&91;34&93;&91;35&93;&91;7&93; The US has the highest per-capita gun ownership in the world with 120.5 firearms per 100 people; the second highest is Yemen with 52.8 firearms per 100 people.&91;34&93;
  2. Mental illness&91;36&93; and its treatment (or the lack thereof) with psychiatric drugs.&91;37&93; This is controversial.&91;38&93;&91;39&93; Many of the mass shooters in the U.S. suffered from mental illness, but the estimated number of mental illness cases has not increased as significantly as the number of mass shootings.&91;35&93; Under 5% of violent behaviors in the U.S. are committed by persons with mental health diagnoses.&91;40&93;
  3. The desire to seek revenge for a long history of being bullied.&91;41&93;
  4. The widespread chronic gap between people's expectations for themselves and their actual achievement,&91;34&93; and individualistic culture.&91;42&93;
  5. Desire for fame and notoriety.&91;34&93;&91;35&93; Also, mass shooters learn from one another through "media contagion", that is, "the mass media coverage of them and the proliferation of social media sites that tend to glorify the shooters and downplay the victims".&91;43&93;
  6. The copycat phenomenon.&91;35&93;
  7. Failure of government background checks due to incomplete databases and/or staff shortages.&91;44&93;&91;45&93;

Weapons used

Several types of guns have been used in mass shootings in the United States, including rifles, handguns, and shotguns. A 2014 study of 142 shootings by Dr. James Fox found 88 (62%) were committed with handguns of all types, (68 (48%) with semi-automatic handguns, 20 (14%) with revolvers), 35 (25%) with semi-automatic rifles, and 19 (13%) with shotguns.[46][47][48] The study was conducted using the Mother Jones database of mass shootings from 1982–2018.[49] High capacity magazines were used in approximately half of mass shootings.[50] Semi-automatic rifles such as the AR-15 or similar have been used in six of the ten deadliest mass shooting events.[51][52]

Deadliest mass shootings since 1949

{{Main|List of mass shootings in the United States}}

The following mass shootings are the deadliest to have occurred in modern U.S. history (1949 to present). Only incidents with ten or more victim fatalities are included.[53]

{{dagger}} Was previously the deadliest mass shooting

Incident Year DeathsInjuries Type of firearm(s) used Ref(s)
1 Las Vegas shooting 2017 58 (plus 1 perp.) 851 (422 from gunfire) Semi-automatic rifles and revolver [54][55]
2 Orlando nightclub shooting {{dagger}} 2016 49 (plus 1 perp.) 53 Semi-automatic rifle and pistol [54][55]
3 Virginia Tech shooting {{dagger}} 2007 32 (plus 1 perp.) 23 Semi-automatic pistols [54]
4 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting 2012 27 (plus 1 perp.) 2 Semi-automatic rifle and pistol [54]
5 Sutherland Springs church shooting 2017 26 (plus 1 perp.)[56] 20 Semi-automatic rifle [57][55]
6 Luby's shooting {{dagger}} 1991 23 (plus 1 perp.) 27 Semi-automatic pistols [54]
7 San Ysidro McDonald's massacre {{dagger}} 1984 21 (plus 1 perp.) 19 Semi-automatic rifle, pistol, and shotgun [54]
8 University of Texas tower shooting {{dagger}} 1966 17 (plus 1 perp.)[56] 31 Rifles, revolver, pistols, and shotgun [54]
Stoneman Douglas High School shooting 2018 17 17 Semi-automatic rifle [58]
10 Edmond post office shooting 1986 14 (plus 1 perp.) 6 Semi-automatic pistols [54]
San Bernardino attack 2015 14 (plus 2 perps.) 24 Semi-automatic rifles [54][55]
12 Fort Hood shooting 2009 14 [56] 32 (plus 1 perp.) Semi-automatic pistol and revolver [59][60]
13 Columbine High School massacre 1999 13 (plus 2 perps.) 24 Semi-automatic rifle, semi-automatic pistol, shotguns [61]
Binghamton shootings 2009 13 (plus 1 perp.) 4 Semi-automatic pistols [62]
15 Camden shootings {{dagger}} 1949 13 3 Semi-automatic pistol [63][64]
Wilkes-Barre shootings 1982 13 1 Semi-automatic rifle [65][66][67]
Wah Mee massacre 1983 13 1 Semi-automatic pistol(s) and/or revolver(s)[68] [69]
18 Aurora shooting 2012 12 70 Semi-automatic rifle, pistol, and shotgun [70][55][71]
Washington Navy Yard shooting 2013 12 (plus 1 perp.) 8 Semi-automatic pistol and shotgun [72][73]
Thousand Oaks shooting 2018 12 (plus 1 perp.) 25 Semi-automatic pistol [74][75]
21 Easter Sunday massacre 1975 11 0 Semi-automatic pistols and revolver [76]
Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 2018 11 6 (plus 1 perp.) Semi-automatic rifle, semi-automatic pistols [77]
23 Palm Sunday massacre 1984 10 0 Semi-automatic pistols [78]
Geneva County massacre 2009 10 (plus 1 perp.) 6 Semi-automatic rifles, revolver, and shotgun [79][80]
Santa Fe High School shooting 2018 10 14 Shotgun and revolver [81]

See also

  • Gun laws in the United States
  • Gun laws in the United States by state
  • Gun violence in the United States
  • List of rampage killers (Americas)
  • School shootings in the United States
  • Spree killer

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data|title=US Mass Shootings, 1982–2017: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Greenberg, Jacobson & Valverde|first1=Jon, Louis & Miriam|title=What we know about mass shootings|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/|website=Politifact|publisher=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=February 20, 2018|date=February 14, 2018|quote=As noted above, there is no widely accepted definition of mass shootings. People use either broad or restrictive definitions of mass shootings to reinforce their stance on gun control. After the 2012 Sandy Hook school shooting, Congress defined "mass killings" as three or more homicides in a single incident. The definition was intended to clarify when the U.S. Attorney General could assist state and local authorities in investigations of violent acts and shootings in places of public use.}}
3. ^Lankford, Adam (2016). Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries. Violence and Victims, Volume 31, Number 2. Retrieved: May 3, 2018.
4. ^{{cite news |last1=Berkowitz |first1=Bonnie |last2=Gamio |first2=Lazaro |last3=Lu |first3=Denise |last4=Uhrmacher |first4=Kevin |last5=Lindeman |first5=Todd |title=50 years of U.S. mass shootings: The victims, sites, killers and weapons |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/mass-shootings-in-america/ |accessdate=November 5, 2017 |work=Washington Post |date=October 5, 2017}}
5. ^[https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359 U.S. Leads World in Mass Shootings.] The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved: October 2, 2017.
6. ^Why the U.S. is No. 1 – in mass shootings. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved: October 2, 2017.
7. ^1 [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/08/united-states-world-mass-shooters/ The United States Has Had More Mass Shootings Than Any Other Country.] Mother Jones. Retrieved: October 2, 2017.
8. ^https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html
9. ^{{Citation|last1=Blair|first1=John Pete|last2=Schweit|first2=Katherine W.|title=A Study of Active Shooter Incidents, 2000–2013|place=Washington DC|publisher=Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=2014|url=https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-study-2000-2013-1.pdf}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=H.R. 2076 (112th): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text|website=govtrack.us|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=February 20, 2018|quote="(I)the term mass killings means 3 or more killings in a single incident; "}}
11. ^{{cite news|last1=Ingraham|first1=Christopher|title=What makes a 'mass shooting' in America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/what-makes-a-mass-shooting-in-america/|accessdate=November 5, 2017|work=Washington Post|date=December 3, 2015|quote="But starting in 2013, federal statutes defined "mass killing" as three or more people killed, regardless of weapons."}}
12. ^{{cite web|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|title=What Exactly Is A Mass Shooting|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting|publisher=Mother Jones|accessdate=August 9, 2015|quote="In January 2013, a mandate for federal investigation of mass shootings authorized by President Barack Obama lowered that baseline to three or more victims killed. "}}
13. ^{{cite web|last1=Krouse|first1=William J.|last2=Richardson|first2=Daniel J.|title=Mass Murder with Firearms: Incidents and Victims, 1999–2013|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44126.pdf|website=FAS.org|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=February 21, 2018|date=July 30, 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=General Methodology|url=http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology|website=Gun Violence Archive|accessdate=February 21, 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|last1=Nichols|first1=Chris|title=How is a 'mass shooting' defined?|url=http://www.politifact.com/california/article/2017/oct/04/mass-shooting-what-does-it-mean/|website=PolitiFact California|accessdate=February 21, 2018|date=October 4, 2017}}
16. ^{{cite news|last = Christensen|first = Jen|url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/|title = Why the U.S. has the most mass shootings|date = August 28, 2015|publisher = CNN}}
17. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about |title=About the Mass Shooting Tracker|website=Mass Shooting Tracker |date= |accessdate= June 13, 2016}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450 |title=Orlando club shootings: Full fury of gun battle emerges |website=- BBC News |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate= June 13, 2016}} Cites Mass Shooting Tracker
19. ^{{cite web|last1=Axelrod|first1=Jim|title=Are Americans becoming "numb" to mass shootings?|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/are-americans-becoming-numb-to-mass-shootings/|website=CBS Evening News|accessdate=February 21, 2018|date=November 6, 2017}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/mass-shootings-increasing-harvard-research/#|title=Rate of mass shootings has tripled since 2011, new research from Harvard shows|work=Mother Jones|access-date=December 13, 2017|language=en-US}}
21. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/weve-had-a-massive-decline-in-gun-violence-in-the-united-states-heres-why/|title=We've had a massive decline in gun violence in the United States. Here's why.|last=Ehrenfreund|first=Max|date=December 3, 2015|work=Washington Post|access-date=December 13, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Behind the Bloodshed|url=http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 3, 2015}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map |title=A Guide to Mass Shootings in America |newspaper=Motherjones.com |date=June 12, 2016 |author1=Mark Follman |author2=Gavin Aronsen |author3=Deanna Pan |accessdate= June 13, 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data |title=US Mass Shootings, 1982–2016: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation |newspaper=Motherjones.com |date= |author1=Mark Follman |author2=Gavin Aronsen |author3=Deanna Pan |accessdate= June 13, 2016}} Original date December 28, 2012 ; list updated every 5 minutes. Figures for years 2011–2015: 3, 7, 5, 4, 7.
25. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html |title=Mass Shooting Analysis Finds Strong Domestic Violence Connection |newspaper=The Huffington Post |date= July 18, 2014 |author= Melissa Jeltsen|accessdate= June 13, 2016}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/ |title=Analysis of Mass Shootings |newspaper=Everytownresearch.org |date=August 20, 2015 |accessdate= June 13, 2016}} This analysis has later figures than reported in the article
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/02/the-san-bernardino-mass-shooting-is-the-second-today-and-the-355th-this-year/|title=The San Bernardino shooting is the second mass shooting today and the 355th this year|work=Washington Post|date=December 2, 2015|accessdate=December 16, 2015}}
28. ^{{cite web|last1=Ingraham|first1=Christopher|title=We're now averaging more than one mass shooting per day in 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/08/26/were-now-averaging-more-than-one-mass-shooting-per-day-in-2015/|publisher=Washington Post|date=August 26, 2015|accessdate=September 6, 2015}}
29. ^{{cite web|title = More than one mass shooting happens per day in the U.S., data shows|url = https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/one-mass-shooting-happens-per-day-u-s-data-shows/|website = PBS NewsHour|date = October 2, 2015}}
30. ^{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Follman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|title=How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really?|work=New York Times|date=December 3, 2015|accessdate=December 6, 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Stuart|url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/number-of-us-mass-shootings-greatly-exaggerated-in-media-acclaimed-researcher-states-7872731|title=Number of U.S. Mass Shootings Greatly Exaggerated in Media, Acclaimed Researcher States|work=Phoenix New Times|date=December 7, 2015|accessdate=December 10, 2015}}
32. ^Victor, Daniel (February 17, 2018). [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/17/us/mass-murderers.html Mass Shooters Are All Different. Except for One Thing: Most Are Men.] The New York Times. Retrieved: April 10, 2018.
33. ^https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/10/what-the-white-mass-shooter-myth-gets-right-and-wrong-about-killers-demographics.html
34. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last1=Healy|first1=Melissa|title=Why the U.S. is No. 1 – in mass shootings|url=http://beta.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-united-states-mass-shooting-20150824-story.html|accessdate=November 6, 2017|work=LA Times|date=August 24, 2015}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last1=Christensen|first1=Jen|title=Why the US has the most mass shootings|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=November 6, 2017|date=October 5, 2017}}
36. ^{{cite news|title=The real mental health issue behind gun violence|work=CNN|date=January 25, 2016|accessdate=November 7, 2017|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/25/health/gun-violence-mental-health-issue/index.html}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mad-in-america/201101/psychiatric-drugs-and-violence-review-fda-data-finds-link|title=Psychiatric Drugs and Violence: A Review of FDA Data Finds A Link|website=Psychology Today|accessdate=May 30, 2018}}
38. ^{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Holly|title=Inside the mind of a mass murderer|url=http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/|publisher=WANE.com|date=December 2, 2015|accessdate=November 9, 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|first=James Alan|last=Fox|date=January 16, 2011|url=http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html|title=The real causes of mass murder|work=Boston.com|accessdate=November 9, 2017}}
40. ^{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Rick|date=2013-11-04|title=Op Ed -- IMHBCO (In My Humble But Correct Opinion) -- Database Legislation -- Separating Myth from Fact|journal=Against the Grain|volume=16|issue=2|doi=10.7771/2380-176x.4289|issn=2380-176X}}
41. ^Burgess, Ann Wolbert, Christina Garbarino, and Mary I. Carlson. "Pathological teasing and bullying turned deadly: Shooters and suicide." Victims and Offenders 1.1 (2006): 1–14.
42. ^{{cite web|last1=Dorell|first1=Oren|title=In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|publisher=USA Today|date=December 18, 2012|accessdate=August 11, 2015}}
43. ^{{cite journal | last = Mills | first = Kim | date = August 4, 2016 | title = "Media Contagion" Is Factor in Mass Shootings, Study Says | url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx}}
44. ^Johnson, Kevin. "Texas Church Shooting Background Check Failure." USA Today. November 9, 2017. Accessed November 17, 2017. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/11/09/texas-church-shooting-background-check-breakdown-highlights-federal-gun-record-problems/847947001/.
45. ^Barrett, Devlin. "FBI's Gun Background Check Database Missing Records." Chicago Tribune. November 10, 2017. Accessed November 17, 2017. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-fbi-gun-background-check-system-missing-records-20171110-story.html.
46. ^{{cite web |url=https://psmag.com/news/simple-facts-mass-shootings-arent-simple-72055/|last=Todd |first=Michael |title=The Simple Facts About Mass Shootings Aren't Simple at All| magazine=Pacific Standard |accessdate=August 21, 2018|date=December 23, 2013}}
47. ^{{cite book|last1=Schildkraut|first1=Jaclyn|last2=Jaymi Elsass|first2=H.|title=Mass Shootings: Media, Myths, and Realities: Media, Myths, and Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxJ1CwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-3653-4}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.mrc.org/biasalerts/criminology-professor-cnns-tapper-mass-shootings-arent-epidemic//|title=Criminology Professor to CNN's Tapper: Mass Shootings Aren't an 'Epidemic'| publisher=Media Research Center|accessdate=August 20, 2018|date=2014-06-16}}
49. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/3//|title=US Mass Shootings, 1982–2018: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation| work=Mother Jones |accessdate=August 20, 2018|date=June 28, 2018 }}
50. ^{{cite news|last1=Fisher|first1=Marc|title=The AR-15: ‘America’s rifle’ or illegitimate killing machine?|url=http://wapo.st/2BZXJAh?tid=ss_mail|accessdate=May 11, 2018|work=The Washington Post|date=February 15, 2018|quote=...high-capacity magazines have been used in more than half of mass shootings over four decades, according to several studies.}}
51. ^{{cite news|last1=Politifact staff|title=The facts on mass shootings, guns in the United States|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/may/18/facts-mass-shootings-guns-united-states/|accessdate=June 11, 2018|work=Politifact|date=May 18, 2018}}
52. ^{{cite news|last1=Pearce|first1=Matt|title=Mass shootings are getting deadlier. And the latest ones all have something new in common: The AR-15|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-ar-15-story.html|accessdate=May 11, 2018|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=February 14, 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Deadliest Mass Shootings in Modern US History Fast Facts|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-shootings-in-u-s-history-fast-facts/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=April 6, 2018|date=April 1, 2018}}
54. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Deadliest Mass Shootings in Modern US History Fast Facts|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-shootings-in-u-s-history-fast-facts/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=November 5, 2017}}
55. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/texas-gunman-rifle-las-vegas-newtown-mass-shooters-article-1.3614966|title=Texas gunman used same rifle as Las Vegas, Newtown mass shooters|work=NY Daily News|access-date=November 7, 2017|language=en}}
56. ^1 2 The fatality total includes an unborn child.
57. ^{{cite web|last1=Carissimo|first1=Justin|title=26 dead in shooting at church in Sutherland Springs, Texas|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/texas-church-shooting-devin-patrick-kelley-first-baptist-church-sutherland-springs-live-updates/|website=CBS News|accessdate=November 6, 2017|date=November 6, 2017}}
58. ^{{cite news|author= Emanuella Grinberg|author2=Eric Levensen|title=At least 17 dead in Florida school shooting, law enforcement says|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/14/us/florida-high-school-shooting/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=February 14, 2018|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}
59. ^{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Matthew |last2=Thomas |first2=Pierre |last3=Ryan |first3=Jason |last4=Esposito |first4=Richard |title='Cop Killer' Gun Used In Ft. Hood Shooting, Officials Said |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/cop-killer-gun-thought-ft-hood-shooting/story?id=9019521 |website=ABC News |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=19 November 2009}}
60. ^{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Chelsea J. |title=Nidal Hasan convicted in Fort Hood shootings - CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/justice/nidal-hasan-court-martial-friday/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=23 August 2013}}
61. ^{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2016/02/24/columbine-killer-has-cult-of-fans-long-after-death/|title=Columbine killer has cult of fans long after death|date=February 24, 2016|work=New York Post|accessdate=October 29, 2018}}
62. ^{{cite web |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. |title=Gunman Kills 13 and Wounds 4 at Binghamton, N.Y., Immigrant Center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/nyregion/04hostage.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=3 April 2009}}
63. ^{{cite news |date=September 7, 1949 |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Veteran Kills 12 in Mad Rampage on Camden Street |first=Meyer |last=Berger |authorlink=Meyer Berger |accessdate=July 6, 2018 |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/article/mass-shooting-tight-deadline |quote=Howard B. Unruh, 28 years old, a mild, soft-spoken veteran of many armored artillery battles in Italy, France, Austria, Belgium and Germany, killed twelve persons with a war souvenir Luger pistol in his home block in East Camden this morning. He wounded four others.}}
64. ^{{cite web |title=The Story of the First Mass Murder in U.S. History |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-first-mass-murder-us-history-180956927/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |first=Patrick |last=Sauer |date=October 14, 2015 |quote=He went into his apartment, uncased his German Luger P08, a 9mm pistol he’d purchased at a sporting goods store in Philadelphia for $37.50, and secured it with two clips and 33 loose cartridges.}}
65. ^{{cite court |plaintiffs=Banks v. Horn |court=United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit |opinion=99-9005 |date=October 31, 2001 |authorlink=Midge Rendell |first=Marjorie |last=Rendell |quote=On September 25, 1982 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Banks shot fourteen people with a Colt AR 15 semi-automatic rifle, killing thirteen and wounding one. |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-3rd-circuit/1402418.html}}
66. ^{{cite court |quote=In the space of about one hour, appellant shot fourteen people with a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle, killing thirteen and wounding one. |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/pennsylvania/supreme-court/1987/513-pa-318-1.html |court=Supreme Court of Pennsylvania |year=1987 |vol=513 |reporter=Pa. |opinion=318}}
67. ^{{cite journal |last=Dietz |first=P. E. |year=1986 |title=Mass, serial and sensational homicides |journal=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |volume=62 |number=5 |pages=477–491 |quote=He had purchased equipment and materials of the kind advertised and promoted in these magazines, including a Colt AR-15 semi-automatic rifle... |pmc=1629267|pmid=3461857 }}
68. ^During the massacre, the perpetrators used three .22 caliber handguns of an unknown type which were never recovered by the authorities.
69. ^{{cite web|last1=Kang|first1=Martha|title=Wah Mee Massacre prisoner closer to release|url=http://komonews.com/news/local/wah-mee-massacre-prisoner-closer-to-release|publisher=Komo News.com|date=February 26, 2010}}
70. ^{{cite web |last1=Castillo |first1=Michelle |title=Colo. shooter purchased guns legally from 3 different stores |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/colo-shooter-purchased-guns-legally-from-3-different-stores/ |website=cbsnews.com |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=20 July 2012}}
71. ^{{cite web |last1=Jacobo |first1=Julia |title=A look back at the Aurora, Colorado, movie theater shooting 5 years later |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/back-aurora-colorado-movie-theater-shooting-years/story?id=48730066 |website=ABC News |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=21 July 2017}}
72. ^{{cite web |last1=Hermann |first1=Peter |last2=Marimow |first2=Ann E. |title=Navy Yard shooter Aaron Alexis driven by delusions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-police-detail-shooting-navy-yard-shooting/2013/09/25/ee321abe-2600-11e3-b3e9-d97fb087acd6_story.html?noredirect=on |website=Washington Post |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=25 September 2013}}
73. ^{{cite web |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |title=What happened in 2013 Navy Yard mass shooting |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/07/02/what-happened-in-2013-navy-yard-shooting/29614339/ |website=USA TODAY |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=2 July 2015}}
74. ^{{cite web |title=Gunman kills 12 in California bar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46135459 |website=BBC News |accessdate=8 November 2018 |date=8 November 2018}}
75. ^{{cite web |title=Mass shooting at California dance bar |url=https://edition.cnn.com/us/live-news/california-shooting-intl/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=8 November 2018 |language=en |date=8 November 2018}}
76. ^{{cite news|last1=Machi|first1=Vivienne|title=40 years later, Ruppert family murders still traumatic|url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/years-later-ruppert-family-murders-still-traumatic/i2N8yZNwIqUwn2TTBSgcFO/new.html|accessdate=March 27, 2018|publisher=Dayton Daily News|date=September 24, 2016}}
77. ^{{cite web |title=Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/27/us/pittsburgh-synagogue-active-shooter/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=27 October 2018}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/16/nyregion/10-in-brooklyn-are-found-slain-inside-a-house.html|title=10 In Brooklyn Are Found Slain Inside A House|date=April 16, 1984|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
79. ^{{cite web |last1=Osunsami |first1=Steve |last2=Carter |first2=Bill |last3=Mooney |first3=Mark |last4=Mcguirt |first4=Mary |last5=Schabner |first5=Dean |title=Cops Close to Motive in Murderous Rampage |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=7055006&page=1 |website=ABC News |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=12 March 2009}}
80. ^{{cite web |last1=Dewan |first1=Shaila |last2=Sulzberger |first2=A.G. |title=Officials Identify Alabama Gunman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/12/us/12alabama.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=30 October 2018 |language=en |date=11 March 2009}}
81. ^{{cite web|last1=Andone|first1=Dakin|last2=Allen|first2=Keith|last3=Almasy|first3=Steve|title=Alleged shooter at Texas high school spared people he liked, court document says|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/18/us/texas-school-shooting|publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 25, 2018}}

References

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2 : Gun violence in the United States|Mass shootings in the United States
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