“Matsu dialect”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Matsu dialect

释义

Phonology
Initials Rimes Tone The relationship between tone and rime Sandhi and assimilation Tone sandhi Perseverative assimilation Anticipatory assimilation
References
Further reading
External links

{{Infobox language
|name= Matsu dialect
|nativename={{lang|zh-tw|馬祖話}} / Mā-cū-huâ
{{lang|zh-tw|平話}} / Bàng-huâ
|pronunciation= {{IPA|[mɑ˧˩ tsu˥ uɑ˩˧˩]}} / {{IPA|[paŋ˧˩ ŋuɑ˩˧˩]}}
|states= Taiwan
|region= Matsu Islands
|ethnicity=Fuzhounese
|speakers= ?
|ref=
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Chinese
|fam3=Min
|fam4=Eastern Min
|fam5=Houguan
|fam6=Fuzhou
|script=Chinese characters and Foochow Romanized
|nation=none
|minority=one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the Matsu Islands, Taiwan ^[1]
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
|lingua=79-AAA-ico
|map=Taiwan ROC political division map Lienchiang County.svg
|mapcaption= Location of Matsu Islands
|notice=IPA
}}Matsu dialect (Eastern Min: {{sans-serif|Mā-cū-huâ}} / {{lang|cdo|馬祖話}}) is the local dialect of Matsu Islands, Taiwan. Native speakers also call it Bàng-huâ (平話), meaning the language spoken in everyday life. It is recognised one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in Lienchiang County, ROC.^[1]

It is a subdialect of Fuzhou dialect, Eastern Min. Matsu dialect is quite similar to Changle dialect, another subdialect of Fuzhou dialect.

Phonology

Matsu dialect has 17 initials, 46 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|蒙}})	n}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|日}})	ŋ}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|語}})
Plosive	aspiration	pʰ}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|波}})	tʰ}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|他}})	kʰ}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|氣}})
Plosive	plain	p}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|邊}})	t}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|低}})	k}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|求}})	ʔ}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|鶯}})
Fricative		s}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|時}})	h}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|喜}})
Affricate	aspiration	tsʰ}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|出}})
Affricate	plain	ts}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|曾}})
Lateral		l}}/ ({{lang\|zh-tw\|柳}})

/{{IPA link|β}}/ and /{{IPA link|ʒ}}/ exist only in connected speech.

Rimes

There are 46 rimes in Matsu dialect.

monophthong	compound vowel	nasal coda {{IPA\|/-ŋ/	checked coda {{IPA\|/-ʔ/
a}}/{{IPA link\|ɑ}}](蝦/罷)	[ia/iɑ]}}(寫/夜)	[aŋ/ɑŋ]}}(三/汗)	[aʔ/ɑʔ]}}(盒/鴨)
ɛ}}/{{IPA link\|a}}](街/細)	[ie/iɛ]}}(雞/毅)	[iŋ/ɛiŋ]}}(人/任)	øʔ}}/{{IPA\|œʔ}}](扔/嗝)
œ}}/{{IPA link\|ɔ}}](驢/告)	[iu/ieu]}}(秋/笑)	[uŋ/ouŋ]}}(春/鳳)	eʔ}}/{{IPA\|ɛʔ}}](漬/咩)
o}}/{{IPA link\|ɔ}}](哥/抱)	[ua/uɑ]}}(花/話)	[yŋ/øyŋ]}}(銀/頌)	[oʔ/ɔʔ]}}(樂/閣)
i}}/{{IPA\|ɛi}}](喜/氣)	[uo/uɔ]}}(科/課)	[iaŋ/iɑŋ]}}(驚/命)	[iʔ/ɛiʔ]}}(力/乙)
u}}/{{IPA\|ou}}](苦/怒)	[yo/yɔ]}}(橋/銳)	[ieŋ/iɛŋ]}}(天/見)	[uʔ/ouʔ]}}(勿/福)
y}}/{{IPA\|øy}}](豬/箸)	[ai/ɑi]}}(紙/再)	[uaŋ/uɑŋ]}}(歡/換)	[yʔ/øyʔ]}}(肉/竹)
[au/ɑu]}}(郊/校)	[uoŋ/uɔŋ]}}(王/象)	[iaʔ/iɑʔ]}}(擲/察)
[ɛu/ɑu]}}(溝/構)	[yoŋ/yɔŋ]}}(鄉/樣)	[ieʔ/iɛʔ]}}(熱/鐵)
[øy/ɔy]}}(催/罪)	[ɛiŋ/aiŋ]}}(恒/硬)	[uaʔ/uɑʔ]}}(活/法)
[uai/uɑi]}}(我/怪)	[ouŋ/ɔuŋ]}}(湯/寸)	[uoʔ/uɔʔ]}}(月/郭)
[ui/uoi]}}(杯/歲)	[øyŋ/ɔyŋ]}}(桶/洞)	[yoʔ/yɔʔ]}}(藥/弱)
[ɛiʔ/aiʔ]}}(賊/黑)
[ouʔ/ɔuʔ]}}(學/骨)
[øyʔ/ɔyʔ]}}(讀/角)

Many rimes come in pairs: in the table above, the one to the left represents a close rime (緊韻), while the other represents an open rime (鬆韻). The close/open rimes are closely related with the tones (see below).

Tone

No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Tone name	dark level 陰平	light level 陽平	rising 上聲	dark departing 陰去	light departing 陽去	dark entering 陰入	light entering 陽入
rime type	close rime	close rime	close rime	open rime	open rime	open rime	close rime
Tone contour	˥}}	˥˩}}	˧}}	˧˩˨}}	˩˧˩}}	13 {{IPA>˩˧}}	˥}}
Example Hanzi	/{{IPA>kuŋ˥}}/	/{{IPA>tai˥˩}}/	/{{IPA>tsu˧}}/	/{{IPA>kʰɔ˧˩˨}}/	/{{IPA>uɑ˩˧˩}}/	/{{IPA>houk̚˩˧}}/	/{{IPA>kuk̚˥}}/

The relationship between tone and rime

In Matsu dialect, level tone (平聲), rising tone (上聲) and light entering (陽入) should read in close rimes (緊韻); departing tone and dark entering should read in open rimes (鬆韻).

For example, "{{sans-serif|a̤}}" have two pronunciations, /{{IPA link|ɛ}}/ in close rime and /{{IPA link|a}}/ in open rime; "{{sans-serif|a̤h}}" have two pronunciations, /{{IPA|eʔ}}/ in close rime and /{{IPA|ɛʔ}}/ in open rime. so we get the table:

Tone name	dark level	light level	rising	dark departing	light departing	dark entering	light entering
Tone contour	˥}}	˥˩}}	˧}}	˧˩˨}}	˩˧˩}}	13 {{IPA>˩˧}}	˥}}
Rime type	close rime	close rime	close rime	open rime	open rime	open rime	close rime
Foochow Romanized	ă̤}}	à̤}}	ā̤}}	á̤}}	â̤}}	á̤h}}	ă̤h}}
Pronunciation	ɛ˥}}	ɛ˥˩}}	ɛ˧}}	a˧˩˨}}	a˩˧˩}}	ɛʔ˩˧}}	eʔ˥}}

Close rime tone "{{sans-serif|ă̤}}" should be pronounced as {{IPA|/ɛ˥/}} instead of {{IPA|/a˥/}}; and open rime tone "{{sans-serif|â̤}}" should be pronounced as {{IPA|/a˩˧˩/}} instead of {{IPA|/ɛ˩˧˩/}}.

Sandhi and assimilation

Tone sandhi

Matsu dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

dark level 55	light level 51	light entering 5	rising 33	dark departing 312	light departing 131	dark entering 13
dark level 55	rising (33)			light level (51)
dark departing 312	rising (33)			light level (51)
light departing 131	rising (33)			light level (51)
dark entering B 13	rising (33)			light level (51)
rising 33	half dark departing (31)			13 (dark entering lost its entering coda)	dark level (55)
dark entering A 13	31 + {{IPA\|/-ʔ/}} (half dark departing added a entering coda "{{IPA\|/-ʔ/}}")			dark entering (13)	light entering (5)
light level 51	rising (33)	half dark departing (31)		rising (33)	half dark departing (31)
light entering 5	rising (33) or rising + {{IPA\|/-ʔ/}}			light level (51), or light entering (5)

In the table above, "dark entering A" means dark entering coda ended with {{IPA|/-k̚/}}, "dark entering B" means ended with {{IPA|/-ʔ/}}. In mordern spoken language, it's hard to distinguish with each other in individual syllable, but we can find their differences in tone sandhi.

Like Fuzhou dialect, the tonal sandhi rules of more than two syllables display further complexities.

Perseverative assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda {{IPA\|/p/}} and {{IPA\|/pʰ/}} change to {{IPA\|/β/}}; {{IPA\|/t/}}, {{IPA\|/tʰ/}} and {{IPA\|/s/}}, {{IPA\|/l/}} and {{IPA\|/n/}} change to {{IPA\|/l/}}; {{IPA\|/ts/}} and {{IPA\|/tsʰ/}} change to {{IPA\|/ʒ/}}; {{IPA\|/k/}}, {{IPA\|/kʰ/}} and {{IPA\|/h/}} change to null initial; {{IPA\|/m/}} and {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/}} {{IPA\|/p/}} and {{IPA\|/pʰ/}} change to {{IPA\|/m/}}; {{IPA\|/t/}}, {{IPA\|/tʰ/}}, {{IPA\|/s/}}, {{IPA\|/l/}} and {{IPA\|/n/}} change to {{IPA\|/n/}}; {{IPA\|/ts/}} and {{IPA\|/tsʰ/}} change to {{IPA\|/ʒ/}}; {{IPA\|/k/}}, {{IPA\|/kʰ/}}, {{IPA\|/h/}} and null initial change to {{IPA\|/ŋ/}}; {{IPA\|/m/}} and {{IPA\|/ŋ/}} remain unchanged.
/-ʔ/}}, {{IPA\|/-k̚/}})	remain unchanged.

Anticipatory assimilation

In Matsu dialect, if rime type of the former syllable is changed while tone sandhi occurred, the rime of the former syllable should be changed to adapt the rule of close/open rimes.

For example, "{{lang|zh-tw|技}}" {{IPA|/kɛi˧˩˨/}} is a syllable which has dark departing tone, it's an open rime; "{{lang|zh-tw|師}}" {{IPA|/sy˥/}} has a dark level tone. When combined together as the phrase "{{lang|zh-tw|技師}}" (technician), "{{lang|zh-tw|技}}" changes its tonal value to rising tone. Rising tone is a close rime tone, therefore the pronunciation as a whole is {{IPA|/ki˧ ly˥/}}.

References

1. ^¹大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法

External links

{{zh-hant}} Fuzhou Dialect Textbook: Elementary school textbook in Matsu.
{{zh-hant}}Fast learning
{{zh-hans}}The difference of common vocabulary between Matsu dialect and Fuzhou dialect

3 : Eastern Min|Languages of Taiwan|Matsu Islands

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