- Calculation
- Applications
- References
Calculation
MGD can be calculated from a measured incident air kerma at the top of the breast, 
, as follows:[4]
converts from incident air kerma to MGD, with a glandularity of 50%, based on breast thickness and HVL. 
corrects for glandularity other than 50%, depending on the breast thickness and HVL, with two versions for ages 50–64 and 40-49. 
corrects for the x-ray spectra in use with a table of target/filter combinations.[4][5]Applications
MGD is typically used to define limits on mammography exposures by national and international organisations such as the European Union and International Atomic Energy Agency, at <2.5 milligray (mGy) per exposure to a standard breast (4.5 cm PMMA).[6]
In routine quality assurance testing of mammographic equipment, MGD measurements for a range of effective breast thicknesses with PMMA, and from real patient exposures, is widely recommended.[2]
References
1. ^{{cite book|last1=Yaffe|first1=Marlin J.|last2=Barnes|first2=Gary T.|last3=Conway|first3=Burton J.|last4=Haus|first4=Arthur G.|last5=Karellas|first5=Andrew|last6=Kimme-Smith|first6=Carolyn|last7=Paul Lin|first7=Pei-Jan|last8=Mawdsley|first8=Gordon|last9=Rauch|first9=Phillip|last10=Rothenberg|first10=Lawrence N.|title=Equipment requirements and quality control for mammography|date=1990|publisher=American Association of Physics in Medicine|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-883188-07-1|url=https://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports/detail.asp?docid=28}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Reis|first1=Cláudia|last2=Pascoal|first2=Ana|last3=Sakellaris|first3=Taxiarchis|last4=Koutalonis|first4=Manthos|title=Quality assurance and quality control in mammography: a review of available guidance worldwide|journal=Insights into Imaging|date=4 August 2013|volume=4|issue=5|pages=539–553|doi=10.1007/s13244-013-0269-1|pmid=23912879|pmc=3781250}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Quality assurance guidelines for mammography including radiographic quality control|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-quality-assurance-for-mammography-and-radiography|publisher=Public Health England|language=en|date=2006}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|last1=IAEA|title=Quality assurance programme for digital mammography.|date=2011|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|location=Vienna|isbn=978-92-0-111410-5|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/8560/Quality-Assurance-Programme-for-Digital-Mammography}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dance|first1=D R|last2=Skinner|first2=C L|last3=Young|first3=K C|last4=Beckett|first4=J R|last5=Kotre|first5=C J|title=Additional factors for the estimation of mean glandular breast dose using the UK mammography dosimetry protocol|journal=Physics in Medicine and Biology|date=1 November 2000|volume=45|issue=11|pages=3225–3240|doi=10.1088/0031-9155/45/11/308|pmid=11098900|bibcode=2000PMB....45.3225D}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=Health & Consumer Protection, Directorate-General|editor1-last=Perry|editor1-first=N|title=European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis|date=2006|publisher=Office for Official Publ. of the Europ. Communities|location=Luxembourg|isbn=978-92-79-01258-7|page=203|edition=4th|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7945bf8d-fa10-4e88-a781-9a7c36cf3411}}
{{Radiation protection|state=uncollapsed}}2. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Reis|first1=Cláudia|last2=Pascoal|first2=Ana|last3=Sakellaris|first3=Taxiarchis|last4=Koutalonis|first4=Manthos|title=Quality assurance and quality control in mammography: a review of available guidance worldwide|journal=Insights into Imaging|date=4 August 2013|volume=4|issue=5|pages=539–553|doi=10.1007/s13244-013-0269-1|pmid=23912879|pmc=3781250}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Quality assurance guidelines for mammography including radiographic quality control|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-quality-assurance-for-mammography-and-radiography|publisher=Public Health England|language=en|date=2006}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|last1=IAEA|title=Quality assurance programme for digital mammography.|date=2011|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|location=Vienna|isbn=978-92-0-111410-5|url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/8560/Quality-Assurance-Programme-for-Digital-Mammography}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dance|first1=D R|last2=Skinner|first2=C L|last3=Young|first3=K C|last4=Beckett|first4=J R|last5=Kotre|first5=C J|title=Additional factors for the estimation of mean glandular breast dose using the UK mammography dosimetry protocol|journal=Physics in Medicine and Biology|date=1 November 2000|volume=45|issue=11|pages=3225–3240|doi=10.1088/0031-9155/45/11/308|pmid=11098900|bibcode=2000PMB....45.3225D}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=Health & Consumer Protection, Directorate-General|editor1-last=Perry|editor1-first=N|title=European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis|date=2006|publisher=Office for Official Publ. of the Europ. Communities|location=Luxembourg|isbn=978-92-79-01258-7|page=203|edition=4th|url=https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7945bf8d-fa10-4e88-a781-9a7c36cf3411}}
3 : Radiology|Medical physics|Radiation protection
- USS Gwin (DD-71)
- USS Gyatt
- USS Gyatt (DDG-1)
- USS Gyatt (DDG-712)
- USS H-1
- USS H-1 (SS-28)
- USS H-2
- USS H-2 (SS-29)
- USS H-3
- USS H-3 (SS-30)
- USS H-4
- USS H-4 (SS-147)
- USS H-5
- USS H-5 (SS-148)
- USS H-6
- USS H-6 (SS-149)
- USS H-7
- USS H-7 (SS-150)
- USS H-8
- USS H-8 (SS-151)
- USS H-9
- USS H-9 (SS-152)
- USS Hackleback
- USS Hackleback (SS-295)
- USS Haddo