请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Active-class cruiser
释义

  1. Design and description

  2. Ships

  3. Service

  4. Notes

  5. Footnotes

  6. Bibliography

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}{{good article}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=HMS Active underway.jpgShip caption=Active in dazzle camouflage
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=ActiveBuilders=Pembroke Royal DockyardUK}}Blonde|cruiser|4}}Class after=NoneCost=Built range=1910–1913In service range=In commission range= 1911–1920Total ships completed=3Total ships lost=1Total ships scrapped=2
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption= (as built)Ship type=Scout cruiser3340|LT|t}} (normal)405|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} (o/a)41|ft|m|abbr=on|1}}14|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}}18000|shp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
  • 12 × Yarrow boilers
Ship propulsion=*4 × shafts
  • 2 × Parsons steam turbine sets
25|kn|lk=in}}4630|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}Ship complement=2934|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns
  • 4 × single QF 3-pounder {{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns
  • 2 × single 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes
.5|-|1|in|mm|abbr=on}}
  • Conning Tower: {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}
Ship notes=
}}

The Active-class cruisers were a trio of scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy shortly before the First World War. They were initially assigned to the First Fleet and became destroyer flotilla leaders in 1914. {{HMS|Amphion|1911|2}} and {{HMS|Fearless|1912|2}} and their flotillas were assigned to the Harwich Force when the war began in August 1914. They went out on a patrol on the first day of the war and Amphion and her destroyers encountered and sank a German minelayer. On the voyage home, the cruiser struck a mine laid by the German ship and sank. She was the first ship of the Royal Navy to be sunk in the war.

Fearless went out on the same patrol, but encountered nothing. She participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight and the Cuxhaven Raid later that year. The ship and her destroyers were transferred to the Grand Fleet in early 1915. {{HMS|Active|1911|2}}, on the other hand, remained with the Grand Fleet and both ships played minor roles in the Battle of Jutland the following year. After the battle, Fearless was converted into a submarine depot ship and rejoined the Grand Fleet in 1917 as the leader of a submarine flotilla. A year later, she accidentally rammed and sank one submarine as part of an incident that sardonically came to be known as the Battle of May Island.

Shortly after Jutland, Active again became a destroyer leader and escorted the main body of the Grand Fleet during the Action of 19 August 1916. By the end of the year, the ship was assigned to the Dover Patrol and was present during two battles with German destroyers, but was not engaged in either. She was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1918 and was based in Gibraltar for the rest of the war. The sister ships were both sold for scrap in 1920–21.

Design and description

They were the last class of scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy as they were too slow to lead destroyers in battle or to defend the fleet against enemy destroyer attacks. The Active class was a slightly improved version of the previous {{sclass-|Blonde|cruiser|4}} scouts, with the main visible difference being the new 'plough' bow changed to improve their seakeeping abilities. Two of the three were ordered under the 1910–1911 Naval Programme and the last in the following naval programme.[1]

Displacing {{convert|3340|LT|t}}, the ships had an overall length of {{convert|405|ft|m|1}}, a beam of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}} and a deep draught of {{convert|14|ft|6|in|m|1}}. They were powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts. The turbines produced a total of {{convert|18000|ihp|lk=in}}, using steam produced by 12 Yarrow boilers that burned both fuel oil and coal, and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|25|kn}}. They carried a maximum of {{convert|855|LT|t}} of coal and {{convert|200|LT|t}} of fuel oil that gave them a range of {{convert|4630|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.

Their crew consisted of 293 officers and ratings.[2]

The main armament of the Active class consisted of ten breech-loading (BL) four-inch Mk VII guns. The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the forecastle, six were amidships, three on each broadside, and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck, one ahead of the other.[3] The guns fired their {{convert|31|lb|adj=on}} shells to a range of about {{convert|11400|yd}}.[4] Their secondary armament was four quick-firing (QF) three-pounder {{convert|47|mm|in|adj=on}} Vickers Mk I guns and two submerged 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. In 1918, two 4-inch guns were removed from Active and Fearless. A QF three-inch 20 cwt[5] anti-aircraft gun was added to Active in 1916; Fearless receiving her own two years later.[6]

As scout cruisers, the ships were only lightly protected to maximise their speed. They had a curved protective deck that was {{convert|1|in|mm|0|spell=in}} thick on the slope and {{convert|0.5|in}} on the flat.[2] Their conning tower was protected by four inches of armour.[3]

Ships

ShipBuilder[7]Laid down[3]Launched[3]Completed[3]
Active|1911|6}}Pembroke Royal Dockyard27 October 191014 March 1911December 1911
Amphion|1911|6}}15 March 19114 December 1911March 1913
Fearless|1912|6}}15 November 191112 June 1912October 1913

Service

All three ships were initially assigned to various squadrons in the First Fleet and then became flotilla leaders in mid-1914. When the war began in August, Amphion and Fearless and their flotillas (the 3rd and 1st Destroyer Flotillas (DF), respectively) were part of the Harwich Force. The morning after Britain joined the war, the force sortied on a patrol to the Dutch coast. The 3rd DF encountered and sank a German minelayer, SMS Königin Luise, but not before she had laid many of her mines. While returning home the following morning, Amphion accidentally struck a mine on 6 August off the Thames Estuary and sank with the loss of 132 crewmen killed. She was the first ship of the Royal Navy to be sunk in the First World War.[8] The wreck site is protected and may not be dived upon without permission from the Ministry of Defence.[9]

Fearless and the 1st DF saw nothing during that same patrol. She damaged two German light cruisers during the Battle of Heligoland Bight later in August. The squadron provided close cover for the seaplane carriers of the Harwich Force during the Cuxhaven Raid in late December, but the cruiser was only engaged by several Zeppelins and aircraft without effect.[10] The ship was transferred to the Grand Fleet in early 1915 and played a minor role in the Battle of Jutland the following year.[11]

She was converted into a submarine depot ship shortly afterwards and briefly deployed to Russia later in the year.[12] Fearless later became the leader of the 12th Submarine Flotilla,[13] initially based in Scapa Flow, but later in Rosyth.[12] On 31 January 1918, she accidentally rammed and sank the submarine {{HMS|K17}} at night in poor visibility as part of an incident that sardonically came to be known as the Battle of May Island. The ship was repaired and was sold for scrap in November 1921.[6]

Unlike her sisters, Active with her 2nd Destroyer Flotilla were assigned to the Grand Fleet at the beginning of the war, where their primary task was to protect the fleet from submarines.[14] By the beginning of 1916, the cruiser was relieved of her assignment with the 2nd DF and she was on detached service with the Grand Fleet in January.[15] Active also played a minor role in the Battle of Jutland later in the year.[16] Shortly afterwards, she was briefly assigned as the flotilla leader of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla and escorted the main body of the Grand Fleet during the Action of 19 August. By the end of the year, the ship was assigned to the Dover Patrol and was present during two battles with German destroyers, but was not engaged in either.[17] Active was based in Gibraltar from April 1918 as part of the Mediterranean Fleet.[18] The ship was reduced to reserve by 1 February 1919[19] and was sold for scrap on 21 April 1920.[20]

Notes

1. ^Friedman 2009, pp. 111–13
2. ^1 Friedman 2009, p. 295
3. ^1 2 3 4 Gardiner & Gray, p. 50
4. ^Friedman 2011, pp. 75–76
5. ^"Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.
6. ^1 Gardiner & Gray, p. 53
7. ^Phillips, p. 297
8. ^Goldrick, pp. 84–87
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2006/20062616.htm|title=Statutory Instrument 2006 No. 2616 The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2006|publisher=Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament|accessdate=20 November 2009}}
10. ^Goldrick, pp. 84–87, 117, 119, 121–24, 124–33, 238–39
11. ^Campbell, pp. 30, 101, 151, 283, 296, 310, 324–26, 360; Transcript
12. ^1 Transcript
13. ^{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c. |url=https://archive.org/details/navylistjan1917grea |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Admiralty |date=January 1917 |accessdate=1 April 2016 |page=12 }}
14. ^Jellicoe, p. 134
15. ^{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c. |url=https://archive.org/details/navylistjan1916grea |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Admiralty |date=January 1916 |accessdate=1 April 2016 |page=14 }}
16. ^Campbell, p. 360; Tarrant, p. 111
17. ^Newbolt, pp. 32–47, 353, 373
18. ^{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c. |url=https://archive.org/details/navylistapr1918grea |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Admiralty |date=April 1918 |accessdate=1 April 2016 |page=22 }}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c. |url=https://archive.org/details/navylistfeb1919grea |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Admiralty |date=1 February 1919 |accessdate=1 April 2016 |page=20 }}
20. ^Colledge, p. 3

Footnotes

{{reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=N. J. M.|title=Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-324-5}}
  • {{cite book|last=Corbett|first=Julian|authorlink=Julian Corbett|title=Naval Operations to the Battle of the Falklands|edition=2nd, reprint of the 1938|series=History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents|volume=I|publisher=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press|location=London and Nashville, Tennessee|isbn=0-89839-256-X}}
  • {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Destroyers From Earliest Days to the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59114-081-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=Naval Weapons of World War One|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84832-100-7}}
  • {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921|year=1984|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-85177-245-5|lastauthoramp=y}}
  • {{cite book|last=Goldrick|first=James|title=Before Jutland: The Naval War in Northern European Waters, August 1914–February 1915|year=2015|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-349-9}}
  • {{cite book |last=Jellicoe |first=John |authorlink=John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe |title=The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work |year=1919 |location=New York |publisher=George H. Doran |oclc=13614571}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Nash|first1=N.S.|title=K Boat Catastrophe: Eight Ships and Five Collisions: The Full Story of the 'Battle of the Isle of May'|date=2009|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=9781844159840}}
  • {{cite book|last=Newbolt|first=Henry|title=Naval Operations|edition=reprint of the 1928|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents|volume=IV|year=1996|publisher=Battery Press|location=Nashville, Tennessee|isbn=0-89839-253-5}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Phillips|first1=Lawrie; Lieutenant Commander|title=Pembroke Dockyard and the Old Navy: A Bicentennial History|date=2014|publisher=The History Press|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK|isbn=978-0-7509-5214-9}}
  • {{cite book|last=Tarrant|first=V. E.|title=Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916|publisher=Brockhampton Press|location=London|year=1999|edition=reprint of the 1995|isbn=1-86019-917-8}}
  • {{cite web|url=http://naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06-HMS_Fearless.htm|title=Transcript: HMS FEARLESS – April 1916 to August 1917, British waters, Battle of Jutland, Russian Waters, UK Home|work=Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era|publisher=Naval-History.net|accessdate=20 March 2016}}

External links

{{Commons category|Active class cruiser}}{{Active class cruiser}}{{WWIBritishShips}}

2 : Cruiser classes|Active-class cruisers
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 12:06:06