| 词条 | Ada Deer |
| 释义 |
| name=Ada Deer | image= Ada Deer.jpg | office = Bureau of Indian Affairs | president = Bill Clinton | term_start = 1993 | term_end= 1997 | predecessor= | successor= | order2= | office2= | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | predecessor2= | successor2= | birth_date=1935 | birth_place= Keshena, Wisconsin | dead = | residence= Fitchburg, Wisconsin | spouse = | children = | relations = | nationality = American, Menominee Nation of Wisconsin | alma_mater = University of Wisconsin–Madison New York School of Social Work (Master of Social Work) | profession=social worker (retired) | religion= | party=Democratic | blank1 = | data1 = | blank2 = | data2 = |}}Ada Deer (born 1935) (Menominee) is a Native American advocate and scholar who was an activist opposing federal termination of tribes in the 1970s. She was appointed as Assistant Secretary of Interior, head of the United States' Bureau of Indian Affairs, serving from 1993 to 1997.[1] BackgroundA member of the Menominee tribe, Deer was born in Keshena, Wisconsin in 1935. She obtained a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a Master of Social Work from the New York School of Social Work (later Columbia University School of Social Work). Native American advocacyFollowing completion of her graduate work, Deer returned to the Midwest to be closer to the Menominee Nation, settling in Minneapolis. She found few local services in place for Native Americans living in urban settings. She worked to advocate on their behalf with federal authorities. Since the "Termination Era" of the 1950s and 1960s (resulting in reduced federal oversight of Native American affairs), the Menominee tribe had been governed by a corporate body called Menominee Enterprise, Inc.. Menominee Enterprises, Inc. was controlled by a voting trust and Menominee tribal members had no shares in the corporation. Four of the voting trust members were Menominee; however, five votes were required in order for the trust to take action. In the 1960s and 1970s there was renewed Congressional involvement in rebuilding tribal infrastructure, both socially and economically. During that time, Deer became involved in a group called DRUMS (Determination of Right and Unity for Menominee Shareholders) in opposition to Menominee Enterprise's proposed sale of former Menominee lands. At first, Deer encountered difficulty with Wayne Aspinall, chairman of the Interior Committee in Congress, who had supported termination of the Menominee as a federally recognized tribe. {{Clarify|date=May 2010}}. She took frequent trips to Washington, but was denied the chance to speak with Aspinall. After he was defeated for his seat, Deer raised publicity as well as support for the Menominee cause. Her efforts, along with many other Menominees, played a part in bringing the Termination Era to a close. On December 22, 1973 President Richard Nixon signed the Menominee Restoration Act.[2] This legislation restored official federal recognition to the Menominee tribe. From 1974 to 1976, Deer served as chair of the Menominee Restoration Committee. In 1993, Deer was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Interior by President Bill Clinton and served as head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1993 to 1997. During this period, she was a delegate to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. From January to May 1997, she served as Chair of the National Indian Gaming Commission.[3] Before and after her term in the BIA, Deer served on the National Support Committee of the Native American Rights Fund. She has served as chair of the NSC and chair of the NARF board of directors. Political effortsDeer ran for Wisconsin's secretary of state in both 1978 and 1982 but was not successful. She served as vice-chair of the Walter Mondale/Geraldine Ferraro presidential campaign in 1984. In 1992, she ran for a seat in the United States Congress in Wisconsin's Second District. She won the Democratic primary without "soft money" funding from political action committees. Following her primary win, a local newspaper ran a photo of Deer proudly holding a sign reading "Me Nominee" in a reference to her tribal membership. Educational careerDeer has taught in the School of Social Work at the University of Wisconsin–Madison since 1977, currently holding the title of Distinguished Lecturer. Since 1999, she has been the director of the American Indian Studies Department at UW–Madison. During her tenure, she co-founded Milwaukee's Indian Community School. She also created the first program at the University to provide social work training on Native American reservations. In addition, she is a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. Notable achievements
Past national board service
References1. ^Deer, Ada, 1935 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/93/hr10717|title=H.R. 10717 (93rd): Menominee Restoration Act}} 3. ^NIGC.gov {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014015708/http://www.nigc.gov/AboutUs/CommissionersOld/Commissioners/tabid/751/Default.aspx#four |date=October 14, 2008 }}, Past Commissioners, Commission Chairs 4. ^National Women's History Project Bibliography
|last=Wolff |first=Barbara |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/9135.html |title=Faculty diversity liaisons help students thrive |work= |publisher= |accessdate=2006-11-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901100925/http://www.news.wisc.edu/9135.html |archivedate=2006-09-01 }}
| title = Native American Authors: Ada E. Deer| format = | work = | publisher = | accessdate = 2006-11-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061209013414/http://www.ipl.org/div/natam/bin/browse.pl/A132| archivedate= 9 December 2006 | deadurl= no}}
|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |url=http://www.doi.gov/news/archives/ada.html |title=Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs Ada Deer announces resignation |work= |publisher= |accessdate=2006-11-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930143826/http://www.doi.gov/news/archives/ada.html |archivedate=2006-09-30 |deadurl=no |df= }}
| title = Ada Deer at the Wisconsin Historical Society | format = | work = | publisher = | accessdate = 2006-11-15}}
| year = 2003 | title = Celebrating Social Work: Faces and Voices of the Formative Years | editor = DuMez, Elizabeth Wichers | location = Alexandria, VA | publisher = Council on Social Work Education | isbn = 0-87293-104-8 External links
15 : 1935 births|Living people|Female Native American leaders|Gambling regulators|People from Keshena, Wisconsin|University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty|University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni|Columbia University School of Social Work alumni|John F. Kennedy School of Government staff|Menominee people|Native American politicians|Native American women in politics|Clinton administration personnel|United States Bureau of Indian Affairs personnel|People from Fitchburg, Wisconsin |
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