“Mirour de l'Omme”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mirour de l'Omme ("the mirror of mankind") (also Speculum Hominis) which has the Latin title Speculum Meditantis ("mirror of meditation") is an Anglo-Norman poem of 29,945 lines written in iambic octosyllables by John Gower (c. 1330 – October 1408) . Gower's major theme is man's salvation. Internal evidence (no mention of Richard II) suggests that composition was completed before 1380. Macaulay discovered the only manuscript in the Cambridge University Library.^[1]{{rp|xviii}}

Summary

The union of the Devil and Sin produces the seven daughters: Pride, Envy, Ire, Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony and Lechery. Reason and Conscience are unable to save mankind from the daughters and their granddaughters. In the second third of Mirour, God sends the seven Virtues who have granddaughters who oppose the Devil's forces. Much of the final third is an "extensive examination of the corruption of the Three Estates of society -- Church, State and Workers. Everyone is tainted." Repentance requires the intercession of the Virgin. The conclusion of the poem has been lost.^[2]{{rp|140–141}}

Literary merit

Macaulay starts with: "it would be absurd to claim for it a high degree of literary merit, but it is nevertheless a somewhat noticeable and interesting performance".^[1]{{rp|xii}} He then praises it for its design and thoroughness. Yeager compares this poem to Milton's poems. Mirour is "not easy, either to read or always to appreciate". The magnitude of vision and Gower's creative eclecticism make the Mirour unique.^[2]{{rp|141}}

Choice of language

Yeager gives two quite different reasons for the poem being written in French. When composition started in the 1360s, Anglo-Norman was an important language in the court of Edward III. Gower was writing for the moral instruction of the king and his court. Existing Anglo-Norman literature leaned toward romance (although Duke Henry's Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines was an exception); English literature was moralistic. Gower followed a "bait and switch" strategy to attract readers looking for a romance.^[3]{{rp|113}}

After the death of Edward III he was probably resident at St Mary Overie. This priory was an Augustinian institution where Anglo-Norman was spoken. Benedictine and Augustinian houses produced "acceptable alternatives to popular literature". "Gower could well have felt himself moved to provide for his new associates with a pen as well as pounds sterling."^[3]{{rp|123}}

Importance

Mirour is the basis for the claim for that Gower was a major innovator of form. Gower is sometimes credited with a major innovation in poetic form. Chaucer "left it to Gower to invent the iambic tetrameter, and to later centuries of poets to solve the problems of its potential monotony; he himself merely polished the traditional Middle English short line."^[4]{{rp|85}} Fisher pointed that lines 26482 foresaw the Peasant's Revolt with "startling clarity".^[5]{{rp|72–73}}

Gower considered Mirour to be his first major work. It is described in a recurring colophon composed in 1390.^[5]{{rp|88–89}} It appears on his tomb {{Italic title}}

Mirour de l'Omme ("the mirror of mankind") (also Speculum Hominis) which has the Latin title Speculum Mediantis ("mirror of meditation") is an Anglo-Norman poem of 29,945 lines written in iambic octosylables by John Gower. Gower's major theme is man's salvation. Internal evidence (no mention of Richard II) suggests that composition was completed before 1380. Macaulay discovered the only manuscript in the Cambridge University Library.^[6]{{rp|xviii}}

Translation

References

1. ^¹{{ cite book | title=The Complete Works of John Gower, Vol 1 The French Works | editor=G.C. Macaulay | chapter=Introduction |page=xiii | url=http://lollardsociety.org/pdfs/Gower_Works_vol1French.pdf}}
2. ^¹{{cite book | last =Yeager | first =R. F. | editor =Siân Echard | title =A Companion to Gower | chapter=John Gower's French | publisher =D. S. Brewer | date =2004 | location = | pages =286 | isbn =1 84384 000 6 }}
3. ^¹{{cite journal | last =Yeager | first =R. F. | title =Gower's French Audience: The "Mirour de L'Omme" | journal =The Chaucer Review | volume =41 | issue =2 | pages =111–137 | date =2006 | jstor =25094348 }}
4. ^{{ cite book | title=A New History of English Metre | publisher=Legenda | year=2011 | author= Martin J. Duffel | isbn=978-1907975134 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=BAAOSblbBBoC&pg=PA84&dq=octosyllable+%22middle+english%22+gower#v=snippet&q=%20gower&f=false}}
5. ^¹²{{ cite book |title=John Gower: Moral Philosopher and Friend of Chaucer | isbn=978-0814701492 | author=John H. Fisher | year=1964 | publisher=New York University Press}}
6. ^{{ cite book | title=The Complete Works of John Gower, Vol 1 The French Works | editor=G.C. Macaulay | chapter=Introduction |page=xiii | url=http://lollardsociety.org/pdfs/Gower_Works_vol1French.pdf}}