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词条 A-Darter
释义

  1. Development

  2. Production

  3. Design

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=A-Darter
| image= A-darter.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption= A-Darter missile
|origin= South Africa & Brazil
|type=Air-to-air missile
|used_by=
|manufacturer=Denel Dynamics
SIATT
|unit_cost=
|production_date = since 2015[1][2]
|service=
|engine=Solid fuel rocket
|weight={{convert |89|kg|lb}}
|length={{convert |2.98|m|in}}
|diameter={{convert |0.166|m|in}}
|wingspan={{convert |0.488|m|in}}
|speed=
|vehicle_range= {{convert |22|km|mi}}[3]
|ceiling=
|altitude=
|filling=
|guidance=dual-colour Infra-red homing
|detonation=laser proximity fuse
|launch_platform=Combat aircraft
}}

The V3E A-Darter (Agile Darter) is a modern short-range infrared homing ("heat seeking") air-to-air missile, featuring countermeasures resistance with a 180-degree[4] look angle and 120-degrees per second track rate,[4] developed by South Africa's Denel Dynamics (formerly Kentron) and Brazil's Mectron (now SIATT), Avibras and Opto Eletrônica.[4] It will equip the South African Air Force's Saab JAS 39 Gripen C/D and BAe Hawk 120, and the Brazilian Air Force's A-1M AMX, Northrop F-5BR and Gripen E/F.[5] It was expected to be in production before the end of 2015.[6]

Development

Development of the A-Darter began in 1995,[9] but the program suffered from inadequate funding and changes to the SAAF's requirements.[7] Mectron, Avibras and Atech joined the program in 2006 after a three-year negotiation process[8] with US$52 million invested by the Brazilian Government in the project, estimated to be worth US$130 million.[9] In that same year, Denel announced that it would use the latest solid-state inertial measurement unit, the SiIMU02 from BAE Systems, for mid course range guidance.[10] The Brazilian company Opto Eletrônica has partnered with Denel Dynamics in the development of the missile imaging infrared seeker for thermal guidance.[4]

Ground seeker tests were concluded in January 2010,[11] while trajectory guidance and agility flight tests were performed in February 2010.[12] Prototypes were sent to Saab AB to begin the integration of the missile to the Saab JAS 39 Gripen. Captive flight trials were concluded in March 2010.[11][12] The first successful in-flight launch from a Gripen fighter took place on 17 June 2010.[19]

In March 2012, Denel Dynamics disclosed that the missile, which was to be ready for production by end of 2013, entered the qualification phase. Several testing firings at Denel's Overberg Test Range were carried out from a Gripen in January 2012. Final testing included the use of high-speed target drones to simulate an aircraft by towing infrared targets at high speed.[13]

In December 2012, the Brazilian air force commissioned Denel to build a factory in São José dos Campos, close to Mectron, Avibras and Opto Eletrônica.[21]

In February 2015, Denel Dynamics signed an agreement with Marotta Controls for supply of the latter's MPACT pure air compression technology to cool the A-Darter's infrared seeker.[14]

Production

In March 2015 SAAF ordered an undisclosed number of missiles from Denel Dynamics.[2]

Design

The missile seeker can be slaved to the Helmet Mounted Display (HMD),[15] allowing the pilot to track a target beyond the aircraft's radar scan envelope using the missile's high off-boresight capability, achieved by the pilot turning his head towards the target to lock-on,[16] better known as "look and shoot". The missile can then be launched and can immediately pull extreme g-force to reverse its course to engage a target behind the aircraft, sometimes called an "over-the-shoulder".[17] Engage modes include Lock-On After Launch (LOAL) capability to engage targets outside its seeker's acquisition range, and Lock-On Before Launch (LOBL) capability where the target is identified and designated before launch.[18] The two colour[19] thermal imaging technology and a laser proximity fuse fitted on the missile provide multiple Electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) techniques with targeting algorithms including advanced spatial filtering techniques and velocity profiling.[20]

The A-Darter has four major sections: guidance section, warhead, control, and rocket motor.[19] It uses a streamlined design with low aerodynamic drag in a wingless airframe, ensuring ranges beyond those of traditional short-range missiles.[21] It is fitted with a thrust vectoring control (TVC) system[22] that allows for turning at up to 100g-force.[23]

The absence of aluminium powder in the motor propellent inhibits production of a smoke trail, which means no visual warning for enemy aircraft.[4] According to SAAF fighter pilots involved within the project, the A-Darter it is better than the IRIS-T in some respects.[4]

See also

Similar missiles
  • AIM-9X
  • ASRAAM
  • IRIS-T
  • Python 5
  • Vympel R-73
  • AAM-5 (Japanese missile)

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=Denel launches A-Darter SRAAM production|url=http://www.janes.com/article/56021/denel-launches-a-darter-sraam-production|publisher=IHS Jane's 360|date=16 November 2015}}
2. ^1 {{cite news| url = http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38741:a-darter-contract-moves-missile-programme-forward&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107 |title = A-Darter contract moves missile programme forward |agency=Reuters | publisher =Defence Web |date= 13 April 2015 |accessdate = 16 April 2015}}
3. ^{{cite book |editor-last = Jackson |editor-first = Paul | title = All the World's Aircraft 2004–2005 | year = 2004 | page = 810 |publisher=Jane's |location = Surrey, UK | isbn = 0-7106-2614-2}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web | url= http://www.saairforce.co.za/news-and-events/1005/denel-dynamics-completes-a-darter-integration-on-gripen | title = Denel Dynamics completes A-Darter integration on Gripen | publisher = SA air force | date = 7 June 2011 |last = Heitman | first =Helmoed-Römer |accessdate = 22 August 2012}}
5. ^{{cite web | place = ZA | url = http://www.af.mil.za/news/2005/caf_interview.htm | title = CAF interview | publisher = Air Force |date= 30 October 2007 | accessdate = 22 August 2012}}
6. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37865:a-darter-heading-up-strong-denel-exhibit-at-idex-2015&catid=7:Industry |title=A-Darter heading up strong Denel exhibit at IDEX 2015 |publisher= Defence Web | date =6 February 2015 |accessdate= 20 August 2015}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last=Hewson |first=Rob |title= Briefing: South Africa and partners |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |issue= 32 |volume=42 |pages=26–27 |publication-date=10 August 2005 |publisher= Jane's Information Group |location=Surrey, UK|issn= 0265-3818}}
8. ^1 {{cite web| last= Campbell |first=Keith |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/target-date-for-missile-service-entry-revealed-2006-05-19|publisher=Engineering News |title=Target date for missile service entry revealed |date=19 May 2006 |accessdate=18 September 2012}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last1= Dorschner |first1= Jim |last2= Resende |first2= Pedro |title=Briefing: South American Air Forces |journal= Jane's Defence Weekly|issue=11 |volume=43 |page=25 |publication-date= 15 March 2006 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location= Surrey, UK| issn= 0265-3818}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.na.baesystems.com/newsreleases/266-inertial_measurement_unit_selected_for_new_air-to-air_missile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013164717/http://www.na.baesystems.com/newsReleases/266-Inertial_Measurement_Unit_Selected_for_New_Air-to-Air_Missile.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=BAE Systems Inertial Measurement Unit Selected for New Air-to-Air Missile |accessdate=6 March 2007 |date=25 September 2006 |publisher=BAE Systems }}
11. ^1 {{cite web | title=South Africa, Brazil ready for A-Darter missile test | publisher=Flight Global | year=2010|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/06/344104/south-africa-brazil-ready-for-a-darter-missile-test.html| accessdate= 18 July 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100710192631/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/07/06/344104/south-africa-brazil-ready-for-a-darter-missile-test.html|archivedate= 10 July 2010 | deadurl= no}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9005:a-darter-successfully-launched-off-saaf-gripen-&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107 |title=A-Darter successfully launched off SAAF Gripen |publisher=DefenceWeb |date= 21 July 2010 |accessdate= 22 August 2012}}
13. ^1 {{cite web| url= http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=24166 |title=A-Darter January flight tests successful|publisher=DefenceWeb |date=7 March 2012 |accessdate=22 August 2012}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37885:us-company-supplying-cooling-component-on-a-darter&catid=7:Industry&Itemid=116 |title=US company supplying cooling component on A-Darter |publisher=DefenceWeb.co.za|date=9 February 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19328:cobra-helmets-for-saaf-gripen-&catid=35:Aerospace&Itemid=107 |title=Cobra helmets for SAAF Gripen|publisher=DefenceWeb |date=22 September 2011 |accessdate=25 September 2012}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Melzer |first=James |editor-last=Spitzer |editor-first=Cary |title=The Avionics Handbook |chapter=Chapter 5: Head-Mounted Displays |chapterurl=http://www.davi.ws/avionics/TheAvionicsHandbook_Cap_5.pdf |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, USA|publication-date=2011 |isbn=0-8493-8348-X}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.segurancaedefesa.com/A-Darter.html |title=A-Darter |publisher=Segurancaedefesa.com |date= |accessdate=22 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729164305/http://www.segurancaedefesa.com/A-Darter.html |archivedate=29 July 2012 }}
18. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author=Cecomsaer |url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/capa/index.php?mostra=10161 |title=TECNOLOGIA – Diretor-Geral do DCTA acompanha o Projeto A-Darter (míssil) na África do Sul |publisher=FAB |date= |accessdate=22 August 2012 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
19. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/brochures/Broc0264_A-Darter%20External.pdf |title=A-DARTER: Fifth-generation Air-to-air Missile System |publisher=Denel Dynamics |date= |accessdate=22 August 2012}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.saairforce.co.za/the-airforce/weapons/31/v3e-a-darter |title=V3E A-Darter |publisher=saairforce.co.za |date=|accessdate=22 August 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/south-africa-brazil-to-develop-adarter-sraam-03286/ |title=South Africa, Brazil to Develop A-Darter SRAAM |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=22 August 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mectron.com.br/armamentos-inteligentes.asp|title=Armamentos Inteligentes|publisher=Mectron|date=|accessdate=22 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121231143549/http://www.mectron.com.br/armamentos-inteligentes.asp|archivedate=31 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}
23. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazilian-air-force-commissions-factory-for-a-darter-missile-confirms-specs-380258/ |title=Brazilian air force commissions factory for A-Darter missile, confirms specs |first=Stephen |last=Trimble |publisher=Flight International |date=14 December 2012 |accessdate=31 December 2012}}

External links

  • {{Official website|http://www.deneldynamics.co.za/|Denel Dynamics – official website}}
  • Manufacturer's official brochure, A-Darter
  • [https://archive.is/20121231143549/http://www.mectron.com.br/armamentos-inteligentes.asp Mectron] (Brazilian partner's website) {{pt icon}}
{{Denel}}{{DEFAULTSORT:A-Darter (Missile)}}

4 : Post–Cold War weapons of South Africa|Air-to-air missiles of Brazil|Air-to-air missiles of South Africa|Denel
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