| 词条 | Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway | type = Heavy rail | status = Operational | start = Mombasa | end = Nairobi | open = {{Start date|2017|5|31|df=y}} | linelength_km = 485 | gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}} | character = Fully grade-separated | electrification = None, upgrade planned | speed = {{convert|120|km/h}} (passenger) {{convert|80|km/h}} (freight) | map = {{Mombasa–Nairobi}} | website = https://metickets.krc.co.ke/ }} The Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway is a standard-gauge railway (SGR) in Kenya that connects the large Indian Ocean city of Mombasa with Nairobi, the country's capital and largest city. This SGR runs parallel to the defunct narrow-gauge Uganda Railway that was completed in 1901[1] under British colonial rule. The East African Railway Master Plan provides for the Mombasa–Nairobi SGR to link with other SGRs being built in the East African Community.[2] At a cost of {{US$|3.6 billion}}, the SGR is Kenya's most expensive infrastructure project since independence. The prime contractor was the China Road and Bridge Corporation, which hired 25,000 Kenyans to work on the railway. Phase 2A of this project was launched officially in October 2016.[3] The first fare-paying passengers boarded the "Madaraka Express" on Madaraka Day (1 June 2017), the 54th anniversary of Kenya's attainment of self-rule from Great Britain. Commercial freight services began on 1 January 2018.[4] Passenger uptake has exceeded expectations,[5] with the train carrying 2 million riders in the first 17 months of operation.[6] RouteThe Mombasa-Nairobi SGR generally runs parallel to the Uganda Railway, a metre-gauge that was built during British colonial rule.[7] The SGR, however, has a straighter alignment that accommodates higher speeds. Because of the rough and hilly terrain, large portions of the SGR were built on viaducts, embankments, and cuttings. For example, the Uganda Railway tackled the hilly terrain near Mazeras township by using a spiral. In contrast, the SGR passes through this area on two bridges, with the {{convert|43.5|m}}-high Mazeras-2 bridge being the highest one on the route. As it approaches Nairobi, the SGR crosses the {{convert|2.6|km}} Athi River Super Bridge, which at the time of its completion was the sixth-longest bridge in Africa. The SGR has a total of 98 bridges.[7] Another purpose of the SGR's viaducts and embankments is environmental protection. The SGR passes through the transportation corridor between Tsavo East National Park and Tsavo West National Park, which is also host to the Nairobi–Mombasa Road and the Uganda Railway. Because the road and metre-gauge railway were built at ground level, collisions with wildlife can occur.[8] Viaducts and embankments elevate the SGR above ground level, with underpasses allowing wildlife to pass safely underneath.[8][9] Passenger trains run between Mombasa Terminus in Miritini and Nairobi Terminus in Syokimau, near the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.[10] Freight services are provided between Port Reitz, just west of Mombasa Island, and the inland container depot in the Embakasi division of Nairobi.[11] Passenger stationsThere are nine passenger stations between Mombasa and Nairobi. Each station's architecture is inspired by local elements.[12]
Passengers can transfer at Nairobi Terminus to metre-gauge trains into the Nairobi city centre.[10] Although they are designated as terminals, the Mombasa and Nairobi stations were built as through stations and were originally designated Mombasa West Station and Nairobi South Station.[11] When Phase 2 of the SGR is completed, trains will continue through the Nairobi station to the Uganda border. SpecificationsKenya is a member of the Northern Corridor Integration Project (NCIP), which has selected the Chinese National Railway Class 1 standard for its railways. The adoption of a common standard allows for seamless integration between the railways of NCIP countries.[13]
HistoryIn the 2000s, Kenya's colonial-era metre-gauge railways deteriorated from lack of maintenance. By 2016, passenger trains were taking an entire day to travel from Nairobi to Mombasa, compared to 12 hours during the early 1990s.[15] Freight transported from the Port of Mombasa fell from 4.8 million tonnes per year in the 1980s to 1.5 million tonnes per year in 2012.[16] In 2014, the Rift Valley Railways Consortium, the operator of railways in Kenya and Uganda, reported a loss of US$1.5 million.[17] At the same time, the Chinese government was funding railway construction in other African countries. In 2011, Kenya signed a memorandum of understanding with the China Road and Bridge Corporation to build a standard-gauge railway between Mombasa and Nairobi. The US$3.6 billion railway was the largest infrastructure project in Kenya since independence.[18] Financing was finalised in May 2014, with the Exim Bank of China extending a loan for 90 percent of the project cost and the remaining 10 percent coming from the Kenyan government.[19][20] 25,000 Kenyans were hired to work on the project.[21] Tracklaying was completed in December 2016. Passenger service was officially inaugurated on 31 May 2017, eighteen months ahead of schedule.[22]
OperationMany of the employees working for the SGR are Kenyans. However, as of July 2018, Chinese workers still occupy most of the critical positions, including dispatcher and locomotive driver. A full handover to Kenyans had not taken place after one year of operation, which triggered political controversy in Kenya.[27][28] In China, it can take four years before a locomotive driver is allowed to begin solo operation of a train.[29] The Transport Ministry has said that local staff will take over from the Chinese in 2027.[30] See also
References1. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4WAwtUYnNPwC&pg=PA131 | author=R. T. Ogonda | chapter=Transport and Communications in the Colonial Economy | editor1=W. R. Ochieng | editor2= R. M. Maxon | title=An Economic History of Kenya | publisher=East African Educational Publishers | location=Nairobi | year=1992 | page=131 | isbn=978-9966-46-963-2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway}}2. ^[https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/china-railway-link-kenya-uganda-rwanda-burundi-south-sudan-1448216 China Railway to Link Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan] 3. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/12/03/funds-for-sgr-phase-ii-to-be-in-by-january-2016-assures-state_c1466781 | title=Funds for SGR phase II to be in by January 2016, assures state | author=Weitere Mwita | newspaper=The Star | location=Nairobi | date=3 December 2016 | accessdate=14 February 2018}} 4. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/mombasa-nairobi-standard-gauge-freight-service-launched.html | title=Mombasa – Nairobi standard gauge freight service launched | work=Railway Gazette | date=3 January 2018 | accessdate=19 February 2019 | language=en}} 5. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/290785-vip-treatment-loyal-nurse-madaraka-express-hits-2-million-passenger-mark.html | title=VIP treatment for loyal nurse as Madaraka Express hits 2 million passenger mark | author=Erick Kombo Ndubi | work=Tuko | date=5 November 2018 | accessdate=19 February 2019}} 6. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001301441/madaraka-express-clocks-2-million-passengers | title=SGR train clocks 2 million passengers | author=Moses Omusula | newspaper=The Standard | location=Nairobi | date=3 November 2018 | accessdate=19 February 2019 | language=en}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/203998-breathtaking-and-hair-raising-scenery-of-kenyas-standard-gauge-railway-photos.html | title=Breathtaking and hair-raising scenery of Kenya's Standard Gauge Railway (photos) | author=Simon Ciuri | accessdate=23 January 2017 | website=tuko.co.ke}} 8. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Buffalo |first1=Built by |title=Bull Elephants Killed By Train |url=https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/news/updates/bull-elephants-killed-by-train |work=Sheldrick Wildlife Trust |date=24 May 2015 |language=en |quote=The Mombasa-Nairobi transport corridor divides East and West Tsavo, and wildlife, including Tsavo's elephant populations, frequently have to cross both the busy road and railway as they move from one area to another. Already this year at least 7 elephants have lost their lives in Tsavo alone due to accidents on the road and railway. ... The new railway will be raised off the ground by 4 metres and punctuated by tunnels for wildlife to pass through, so hopefully its construction will reduce the number of fatalities.}} 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/12/29/jumbos-using-underpasses-in-tsavo_c1478960 | title=Jumbos using underpasses in Tsavo | author=Gilbert Koech | newspaper=The Star | date=29 December 2016 | language=en}} 10. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Mombasa-SGR-passengers-to-change-trains-at-Syokimau/539546-3031378-i0joix/index.html | title=Mombasa SGR passengers to change trains at Syokimau | author1=Sandra Chao-Blasto | author2=Kiarie Njoroge | date=13 January 2016}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/mombasa-nairobi-standard-gauge-railway-project/ | title=Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Project | publisher=Railway Technology | accessdate=4 December 2016}} 12. ^{{cite news | author=Peter Muiruri | title=Inspiration behind Standard Gauge Railway stations | url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001234919/inspiration-behind-standard-gauge-railway-stations | work=The Standard | date=3 April 2017 | language=en}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/digital_assets/d76bb012-a31c-452d-adad-24df4d1931e5/SGR-fp-1.pdf | quote=Date found at introductory page: http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1450522/information-about-standard-gauge-railway | publisher=Uganda Ministry of Works, Transportation and Communication | title=Information about Standard Gauge Railway | date=7 April 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://krc.co.ke/salient-features-of-the-standard-gauge-railway/ | publisher=Kenya Railways Corporation | title=Salient features of the standard gauge railway | accessdate=22 July 2018}} 15. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://www.1843magazine.com/features/the-lunatic-express | title=Journeys: The lunatic express | author=Daniel Knowles | work=1843 Magazine | publisher=The Economist | date=July–August 2016}} 16. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/infrastructure/Rail-transport-makes-a-comeback/1959776-1959748-9h58gcz/index.html | title=Rail transport makes a comeback | author=David Mugwe | newspaper=Daily Nation | location=Nairobi | date=19 August 2013 | accessdate=22 July 2018}} 17. ^{{cite news | url=https://observer.ug/business/38-business/44920-world-bank-looks-into-case-of-embezzlement-at-rvr | title=World Bank looks into case of 'Embezzlement' at RVR | author1=Patrick Mayoyo | author2=Berber Verpoest | author3=George Turner | newspaper=The Observer | location=Kampala, Uganda | date=22 June 2016 | accessdate=22 July 2018}} 18. ^{{cite AV media | title=Inside the SGR, Kenya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project since Independence | publisher=NTV Kenya | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBa3_8pM4NA}} 19. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/mombasa-nairobi-standard-gauge-line-funding-agreed.html | title=Mombasa - Nairobi standard gauge line funding agreed | work=Railway Gazette | date=14 May 2014 | accessdate=22 July 2018}} 20. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/East-Africa-China-Standard-Gauge-Railway/1056-2310836-vvl2cjz/index.html | title=Kenya, China sign standard gauge railway agreement | work=Daily Nation | date=11 May 2014}} 21. ^{{cite news|url=http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/africa/2015-09/20/content_21926960.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20151007195020/http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/africa/2015-09/20/content_21926960.htm |title=Chinese company helps build new railway in Kenya |author=Hou Liqiang |newspaper=China Daily |date=20 September 2015 | archive-date=7 October 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40092600 | title=Kenya opens Nairobi-Mombasa Madaraka Express railway | publisher=BBC | accessdate=31 May 2017}} 23. ^{{cite web | title=SGR Photo Updates | url=https://www.megaprojects.co.ke/projects/25/details/sgr-photo-updates/ | website=megaprojects.co.ke | accessdate=21 May 2016 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623200840/https://www.megaprojects.co.ke/projects/25/details/sgr-photo-updates/ | archivedate=23 June 2016 | df=dmy-all}} 24. ^{{cite web | title=DF7G diesel shunting locomotive | url=http://www.crrcgc.cc/qsyen/g3783/s7393/t158255.aspx | publisher=CRRC Qishuyan | language=zh-CN}} 25. ^1 {{cite news | title=Kenyan standard gauge locomotives unveiled | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/kenyan-standard-gauge-locomotives-unveiled.html | work=Railway Gazette | date=20 December 2016}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite web | title=蒙内铁路项目第五、六批轨道设备顺利登港 | url=http://www.crbc.com/site/crbc/gsxw/info/2017/4435.html | publisher=中国路桥工程有限公司 | date=20 March 2017 | language=zh}} 27. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001287119/exclusive-behind-the-sgr-walls | title=Exclusive: Behind the SGR walls | author=Paul Wafula | newspaper=Standard Digital | location=Nairobi | date=7 July 2018 | accessdate=23 July 2018}} 28. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/07/11/senate-summons-kenya-railways-labour-cs-over-alleged-mistreatment-of_c1785625 | title=Senate summons Kenya Railways, labour CS over alleged mistreatment of SGR employees | author=Patrick Vidija | newspaper=The Star | location=Nairobi | date=11 July 2018 | accessdate=23 July 2018}} 29. ^{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8SM3A6BEp8 | title=A legend of speed! Three generations of train drivers witness China's rail revolution in 60 years | publisher=New China TV | quote=I started work in 2009, and in 2013 I started driving alone.}} 30. ^{{cite news |last1=Lang'at |first1=Patrick |title=Chinese to work at Kenya's Standard Gauge Railway till 2027 |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Chinese-to-work-at-SGR-till-2027/1056-4668756-xrjdlw/index.html |work=Daily Nation |date=18 July 2018}} 5 : Railway lines in Kenya|Standard gauge railways in Kenya|Railway lines opened in 2017|2017 establishments in Kenya|Chinese foreign aid |
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