| 词条 | Moonta Mines, South Australia |
| 释义 |
| type = town | name = Moonta Mines | state = sa | image = Moonta Mines Hughes' Enginehouse 4 (22049325459).jpg | caption = The former Hughes' Enginehouse | coordinates = {{coord|34.075810|S|137.601150|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_label_position = top | lga = Copper Coast Council | postcode = 5558[1] | est = | pop = | pop_year = | pop_footnotes = | elevation = | maxtemp = | mintemp = | rainfall = | stategov = Goyder[1] | fedgov = Grey[1] | dist1 = | dir1 = | location1 = | near-e = East Moonta | near-se = Agery | near-s = Agery | near-sw = Nalyappa | near-w = Kooroona Hamley | near-nw = Moonta | near-n = Moonta | near-ne = Yelta |footnotes=Coordinates[2] }}Moonta Mines is a locality at the northern end of the Yorke Peninsula, adjoining the town of Moonta. It is located in the Copper Coast Council.[1] From 1861 to 1923, it was the centre of a copper mining industry that formed colonial South Australia's largest mining enterprise.[3][4] A substantial portion of the locality is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register as the Moonta Mines State Heritage Area and on the National Heritage List as the Australian Cornish Mining Heritage Site, Moonta Mines.[3][5] HistoryPatrick Ryan, a shepherd for pastoralist Sir Walter Hughes, discovered copper on Hughes' property at Moonta in May 1861. The Tiparra Mining Association (later the Moonta Mining Company) commenced operations in 1862 after a legal battle over title to the claim.[6] It proved extremely successful, with the Moonta deposits resulting in high yields. It saw a particular influx of miners from Cornwall in England. The government town of Moonta was surveyed in 1863, which resulted in a division between the professional classes in Moonta and a more informal township dominated by mining workers at Moonta Mines. The Moonta miners' undertook a major strike in 1864 over concerns about mining practices.[7][8][9] By 1875, the success of the Moonta Mines and those in the surrounding area had made Moonta the second largest town in South Australia and the largest copper region in the British Empire; Moonta Mines itself had a population of 5,000 residents. In 1876, the Moonta Mining Company became the first mining company in Australia to pay out one million pounds in dividends. However, living conditions were poor and many lives were lost to disease during this time. Copper prices had begun to decline by the 1880s, and in 1889 forced the Moonta Mining Company to merge with the owners of Wallaroo Mines to form the Wallaroo and Moonta Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd. The mine finally closed in 1923, after which the Moonta Mines locality sharply declined, although the cementation works continued in use until 1943. The Moonta Mines State Heritage Area was declared in 1984.[7][8][9] The modern locality of Moonta Mines was established in January 1999, when boundaries were formalised for the long established name.[10] Moonta Mines todayThe National Trust of South Australia has a substantial presence at Moonta Mines, operating seven properties as tourist attractions through its Moonta branch.[11] These include the National Trust Museum in the former Moonta Mines Model School (1878-1968), the Moonta Mines Tourist Railway offering 50-minute guided tours of the former mining works, the Moonta Mines Sweet Shop in the former Moonta Mines Post Office building (1946-1970s), a former miners' cottage and garden in Verco Street, the Hughes Enginehouse (1865-1923), Richmans Enginehouse (1869-1923) and the Family History and Resource Centre in the former School of Mines.[12][13] The historic Moonta Mines Uniting Church, which dates from 1865 when it opened as the Wesleyan Methodist church, remains in operation with weekly services. It also has open days during the week or on weekends, depending upon the time of year.[14] Heritage listingsMoonta Mines contains a number of individually heritage-listed sites, including:
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://www.location.sa.gov.au/viewer/ | title=Search result(s) for Moonta Mines, 5558 | publisher=Government of South Australia | work=Location SA Map Viewer | accessdate=18 May 2016}} {{Copper Coast Council localities}}{{Yorke Peninsula}}2. ^{{cite web|title=Search result for "Moonta Mines (Locality Bounded)" (Record no SA0046045) |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/# |work=Property Location Browser |publisher=Government of South Australia |date= |accessdate=30 May 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=27551 | title=Moonta Mines State Heritage Area | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=19 May 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/our-places/Heritage/Visiting_heritage_places/State_heritage_areas/Moonta_Mines | title=Moonta Mines State Heritage Area | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | accessdate=19 May 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3Dmoonta%2520mines%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=106096 |title=Australian Cornish Mining Heritage Sites, Barrier Hwy, Burra, SA, Australia |publisher=Department of the Environment |work=National Heritage List |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.coppercoast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1795 |title=Moonta Mines |publisher=Copper Coast Council |accessdate=26 July 2017}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.southaustralianhistory.com.au/moonta.htm |title=The Moonta Mine |publisher=Flinders Ranges Research |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/heritage/her-cons-development-guidelines-moonta_mines_sha.pdf |title=State Heritage Area Guidelines for Development |publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.adelaideresources.com.au/community/mining-in-australia |title=Mining in Australia |publisher=Adelaide Resources |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 10. ^{{cite web | url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/# | title=Search result(s) for Moonta Mines, 5558 | publisher=Government of South Australia | work=Property Location Browser | accessdate=19 May 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Branches SA|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.au/branches-sa/|publisher=National Trust of Australia|accessdate=12 January 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.moontatourism.org.au/attractions | title=Attractions | publisher=National Trust of Australia, Moonta Branch | accessdate=19 May 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.moontaprogress.org.au/directory/attractions/178 | title=Moonta Mines Tourist Train | publisher=Moonta and District Progress Association | accessdate=19 May 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://sa.uca.org.au/find-a-church/by-list/moonta-mines-uniting-church |title=Moonta Mines Uniting Church |publisher=Uniting Church of Australia |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13499 | title=Moonta Mines Uniting (former Wesleyan Methodist) Church, including Fence and Sunday School Building | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13519 |title=Moonta Mines Model Sunday School Site | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=19 May 2016}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13513 |title=Miner's Cottage & Fence | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources |work=South Australian Heritage Register |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13507 |title= National Trust Museum (former Moonta Mines Model School) | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=13509 | title=Former Hughes Pump House & Chimney | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register |accessdate=19 May 2016}} 2 : Towns in South Australia|Copper mines in South Australia |
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