| 词条 | Mu'awiya, Basma |
| 释义 |
|name=Mu'awiya |pushpin_map=Israel haifa |pushpin_label_position=left |coordinates = {{coord|32|31|45|N|35|6|11|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |palgrid=160/215 |image_skyline=WikiAir IL-13-10 B174.jpg |image_caption=Aerial photo of Mu'awiya |hebname={{Hebrew|מועאוויה}} |arname={{lang|ar|معاوية}} |meaning=Kh. el Mâwîyeh, the ruin of the place of shelter[1] |founded= |type= |typefrom= |stdHeb= |altOffSp= |altUnoSp= |district=haifa | population = 3,100[2] | popyear = | population_footnotes = |area_dunam=613 |areakm= |mayor= }}Mu'awiya ({{lang-ar|معاوية}}, {{lang-he-n|מועאוויה}}) is an Arab village in Israel's Haifa District. The village is in the Wadi Ara area of the northern Triangle and lies between Kfar Kara and Umm el-Fahm. The village has around 3,100 residents.[2] Since 1996, it has been under the jurisdiction of the Basma local council. The village is divided into two neighborhoods: eastern and western. The residents of the village belong to two clans: Ighbarieh and Mahmid.[3] HistoryMu'awiya was established in the mid 19th century by villagers from nearby Umm El-Fahm. The village was named after a sheikh called Mu'awiya, whose maqam (shrine) lies between the two parts of the village.[4] Andrew Petersen, an archaeologist specialising in Islamic architecture, surveyed the ancient shrine at Mu'awiya in 1994. According to local tradition, Muawiya had been a soldier in the army of Saladin. He had been killed in a battle close by the village, and he and twelve of his men were buried here. The shrine, named Shaykh Muawiya, is a domed square building, with the entrance to the north. The floor of the shrine is about 0,3 meters below the surface, and contain a cenotaph, incorporating marble columns. There is a mihrab in the wall to the south, just behind the cenotaph, and the west wall has a window. According to local tradition the shrine was built about 100 years ago. However, Petersen found that the structure itself suggested it was considerably older, with rebuilding in the late nineteenth century.[5] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Khurbet el Mawiyeh as: "a small ruined khan, of no great antiquity, on the road, near a spring."[6] British Mandate eraIn the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Mawiyeh had a population of 112 Muslims,[7] increasing in the 1931 census when Mu'awiya had 141 people in 30 houses.[8] In the 1945 statistics the population of Mu'awiya was counted with that of Umm al-Fahm.[9][10] During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War the village and the surrounding area came under Iraqi control. In March 1949 Jordanian forces replaced the Iraqi forces in Wadi Ara.[11] During the war refugees from the villages of Sabbarin, Khubbayza, Al-Kafrayn and Al-Butaymat settled in the village.[3] On 3 April 1949 Israel and Jordan signed the 1949 Armistice Agreements, in which Israel would receive the Wadi Ara area.[12] On 20 April 1949, Mu'awiya was taken by Israeli forces and was later annexed to Israel along with the rest of the Wadi Ara villages. The Israeli army ordered the 500 residents to leave the village for a few hours, but then demolished the entire village. The villagers appealed the military governor of Umm El-Fahm, who said the action was illegal and that he will bring the matter to the Knesset. Eventually the villagers were allowed to return in mid 1950 but they received no compensation and much of the village land was confiscated.[13] Many villagers suffered from confiscation many agricultural lands and had to find work outside of the village. Most of the agricultural lands were converted to olive trees.[3] In 1995 the village was united with Ein as-Sahala and Barta'a west, and in 1996 the Basma local council to administer the three villages.[14] GeographyMu'awiya lies between the Barkan and Panther rivers and is divided into two parts: Mu'awiya on the east, and Khirbet Mu'awiya on the west. Between the village's parts lies the maqam (shrine) of Sheikh Mua'wiya and next to them there are several hundred year old oak trees, that were preserved by the locals because of the sanctity of the site.[4] EducationMu'awiya has one high school with over 700 students, an elementary school with over 400 students and eight kindergartens.[15] SportsMu'awiya has a local football club called "Hapoel Mu'awiya Ironi" with a youth team participating in Noar Alef League, which is the second tier out of four. The team hosts matches in a football field located in Barta'a.[16] References1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/149/mode/1up 149] 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Muawiya|url=http://www.wadi-ara.co.il/|website=Iron Construction Committee|publisher=|accessdate=7 June 2016|language=Hebrew}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=MUAWYA VILLAGE|url=http://ummelfahemarchive.com/portfolio/muawya-village/?lang=en|publisher=UmmElFahemArchive|accessdate=4 June 2016}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|title=מועאוויה – בסמ"ה [Mu'awiya – Basma]|url=http://www.mapa.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%94/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94/3907|publisher=Mapa|accessdate=4 June 2016|language=Hebrew}} 5. ^Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 223] 6. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/61/mode/1up 61] 7. ^Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Jenin, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n32/mode/1up 30] 8. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 69] 9. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 17 10. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 55, 100, 150 11. ^The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, The Zionists, and Palestine 1921–1951 Avi Shlaim Oxford University Press Revised Edition 2004 {{ISBN|0-19-829459-X}} pp. 299, 312 12. ^{{cite web|title=Israel-Jordan Armistice Agreement|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook1/pages/israel-jordan%20armistice%20agreement.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=20 April 2016}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Boger|first1=Mary|title=A Ghetto State of Ghettos: Palestinians under Israeli civizenship|date=2008|page=564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cjHF9qEYpsC&pg=PA564 |accessdate=4 June 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=about the council|url=http://www.basma.co.il/about/|website=Basma local council website|language=Hebrew}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=חינוך [Education]|url=http://www.basma.co.il/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9A/|website=Basma website|accessdate=4 June 2016|language=Hebrew}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=הפועל מועאוויה עירוני|url=http://football.org.il/Clubs/Pages/TeamDetails.aspx?TEAM_ID=6322|publisher=Israel Football Association|accessdate=4 June 2016|language=Hebrew}} Bibliography{{ref begin}}
External links
3 : Arab localities in Israel|Triangle (Israel)|Wadi Ara |
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