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词条 Mumrills
释义

  1. Excavations

  2. Inscribed Stones

  3. Other Finds and Videos of Scans

  4. References

Mumrills was the site of the largest Roman fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland.[3] It is possible that Mumrills could exchange signals with Flavian Gask Ridge forts.[4] Some believe Mumrills may have been the site of Wallace's defeat at the Battle of Falkirk.[5] The farm at Mumrills was also used as an early site for the Falkirk Relief Church.[6]

Excavations

Excavations, which took place in the years 1923-1928 and 1958-1960[7], established its outline.[8] Photographs of the excavations can be found online.[9]

Inscribed Stones

An altar to Hercules Magusanus[13] was found in 1841 "near the Bridge at Brightons" about a mile south-east of this fort. It is now in the National Museums Scotland.[14]

A second altar to the Matres (mother goddesses) was found at Mumrills. The altar was dedicated by Cassius, a signifer serving at the fort. The historian Alfred von Domaszewski had suggested that the "Matres" mentioned in the altar were actually the Campestres, another term for the Silvanae. [15] It was carved between 140 and 165 AD.[16]

A third inscribed stone has been described as a "Funerary inscription for Nectovelius". George Macdonald says the translation is: "To the Divine Manes. Nectovelius, son of Vindex. Aged thirty. A Brigantian by birth, he served for nine years in the Second Cohort of Thracians."[17] The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who controlled the largest section of what would become Northern England. This shows local recruitment of native Britons.

Other Finds and Videos of Scans

A stone carving of Hercules was found in a back garden in the village of Laurieston, Falkirk in 1987.[18]

Other finds include a section of a palmate funerary monument,[19] a heavy, iron chisel[20], a set of wrought iron tongs,[21] a box flue tile,[22] a cooking pot of back burnished ware,[23] and a large piece of Roman concrete made out of crushed tile.[24]

Many Roman forts along the wall held garrisons of around 500 men.[25] Larger forts like Castlecary and Birrens had a nominal cohort of 1000 men[26] but probably sheltered women and children[27] as well although the troops were not allowed to marry.[28] There is likely too to have been large communities of civilians around the site.[29] Something of the soldiers' diet may be inferred from the variety of animal bones and shells found at the fort.[30] Other buildings have been found which might have supported smelly industries like tanning or smithing. A hearth was found which could have been used to support troops.[31]

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Site of the Mumrills Fort |url=http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17&lat=55.9968&lon=-3.7399&layers=170&b=3|website=Mumrills from zoomable OS map with opacity slider |publisher=Ordnance Survey |accessdate=10 July 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Open Street Map|url=https://tools.wmflabs.org/wiwosm/osm-on-ol/commons-on-osm.php?zoom=17&lat=55.99717425412&lon=-3.7315588167302|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/47870/mumrills|title=Mumrills|accessdate=2017-11-18 |last= |first= |work=CANMORE |publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland}}
4. ^{{cite web |last1=Woolliscroft |first1=D. J. |title=Signalling and the design of the Gask Ridge system |url=http://www.theromangaskproject.org/?page_id=323 |website=Roman Gask Project |accessdate=10 July 2018}}
5. ^{{cite news |last1=Beers |first1=Roy |title=Does a mystery site at Mumrills hold the answer to Falkirk’s most tragic secret? |url=https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/does-a-mystery-site-at-mumrills-hold-the-answer-to-falkirk-s-most-tragic-secret-1-4765784 |accessdate=10 July 2018 |agency=Falkirk Herald |date=8 July 2018}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Ian|title=A new lease of life for Falkirk’s West Church|url=https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/opinion/ian-scott-a-new-lease-of-life-for-falkirk-s-west-church-1-4698858|accessdate=29 April 2018|agency=Falkirk Herald|date=2 March 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Steer|first1=K. A.|title=EXCAVATIONS AT MUMRILLS ROMAN FORT, 1958-60, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 94: 86–132.|url=https://earlyworks.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/2/4/14248939/mumrills-site-report.pdf|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Mumrills|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do/site-by-site/mumrills|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire (site by site)|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Mumrills|url=https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/record/hes/47870/mumrills/rcahms|website=Scottish Places|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Macdonald|first1=Sir George|title=The Roman wall in Scotland, by Sir George Macdonald|date=1934|publisher=The Clarendon press|location=Oxford|pages=417–418|edition=2d ed., rev., enl., and in great part rewritten|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3760345;view=2up;seq=592;size=200|accessdate=11 October 2017}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=Macdonald|first1=Sir George|title=The Roman wall in Scotland, by Sir George Macdonald|date=1934|publisher=The Clarendon press|location=Oxford|pages=435–436|edition=2d ed., rev., enl., and in great part rewritten|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3760345;view=2up;seq=278;size=200|accessdate=11 October 2017}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1=Macdonald|first1=George|title=Proceedings Of The Society Of Antiquaries Of Scotland 1914-1915 Vol.49|date=1915|publisher=Neill and Co. Ltd.|location=Edinburgh|pages=93–138|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.104912/2015.104912.Proceedings-Of-The-Society-Of-Antiquaries-Of-Scotland-1914-1915-Vol49#page/n131/mode/2up|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=RIB 2140. Altar dedicated to Hercules Magusanus|url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2140|website=Roman Inscriptions of Britain|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Altar from near Mumrills, Stirlingshire|url=http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-180-001-444-C|website=NAMS|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=RIB 2141. Altar dedicated to the Mother Goddesses|url=https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2141|website=Roman Inscriptions of Britain|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Altar (piece) from Mumrills, Stirlingshire|url=http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-036-748-C|website=NAMS|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=George|title=The Roman wall in Scotland|date=1911|publisher=J. Maclehose|location=Glasgow|page=352|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/stream/romanwallinscotl00macduoft#page/352/mode/2up/search/Nectovelius|accessdate=29 April 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=Relief carving of Hercules, Laurieston|url=https://vimeo.com/98564610|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Section of a funerary monument, Mumrills|url=https://vimeo.com/173899793|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Chisel, Mumrills|url=https://vimeo.com/101639021|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Tongs, Mumrills|url=https://vimeo.com/101638952|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Box Flue Tile, Mumrills|url=https://vimeo.com/101539721|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Cooking Pot, Mumrills|url=https://vimeo.com/98656807|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Concrete flooring fragment, Mumrills|url=https://vimeo.com/98564611|accessdate=18 November 2017}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Soldier|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/about-wall/living-wall/soldier|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
26. ^{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=S. N.|title=The Roman Occupation Of South Western Scotland Being Reports Of Excavations And Surveys Carried Out Under The Auspices Of The Glasgow Archaeological Society By John Clarke, J. M. Davidson, Anne S. Robertson, J. K. St. Joseph, Edited For The Society With An Historical Survey By S. N. Miller|date=1952|publisher=Robert Maclehose & Company Limited|location=Glasgow|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.227248/2015.227248.The-Roman#page/n243/mode/2up/search/castlecary|accessdate=11 October 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Children|url=http://www.antoninewall.org/about-wall/living-wall/children|website=Frontiers of the Roman Empire|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=Roman child's leather shoe|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/4s9CJ-9VSTCcpFR389U8MA|website=A History of the World|publisher=BBC|accessdate=17 October 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web|last1=Rohl|first1=Darrell, Jesse|title=More than a Roman Monument: A Place-centred Approach to the Long-term History and Archaeology of the Antonine Wall|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9458/1/DarrellRohl_PhDThesis_2014.pdf?DDD6+#page=245|website=Durham Theses|publisher=Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online ref: 9458|accessdate=14 October 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|title=Mumrills Antonine Wall Fort & Camps|url=http://roman-britain.co.uk/places/mumrills.htm|website=Roman Britain|accessdate=29 April 2018}}
31. ^{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Samuel|title=3. AN INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE AND A HEARTH FOUND OUTSIDE THE ROMAN FORT AT MUMRILLS.|journal=The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|date=1938-39|volume=Volume 73|pages=319–324|url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_073/73_319_324.pdf|accessdate=30 April 2018}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Gruesome secret of Antonine wall Romans kept our ancestors in line with deadly 'lilies'|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12522107.Gruesome_secret_of_Antonine_wall_Romans_kept_our_ancestors_in_line_with_deadly__apos_lilies_apos_/|accessdate=28 April 2018|agency=The Herald|date=19 February 2004}}

2 : Forts of the Antonine Wall|Archaeological sites in Falkirk (council area)
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