| 词条 | Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore |
| 释义 |
| title = Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore | partof = the Civil Rights Movement | image = File:Bombing of home of NAACP member - Mims, Florida.jpg | image_size = 275px | alt = Home of the Moores after the bombing on Christmas Day. | caption = The home of the Moores after the Christmas Day bombing | location = Mims, Florida | target = Harry and Harriette Moore | date = {{end date|1951|12|25}} | time = Evening hours | timezone = EST | type = Bombing | fatalities = 2 | injuries = | victims = Harry T. Moore Harriette V. Moore | perpetrators= Earl J. Brooklyn Tillman H. Belvin Joseph N. Cox Edward L. Spivey | assailants = | susperps = Ku Klux Klan | weapons = Dynamite | motive = White supremacy/domestic terrorism | convictions = None | charges = None | litigation = 5 investigations }}Harry T. Moore and his wife Harriette V. S. Moore were pioneer activists and leaders of the early civil rights movement in the United States, becoming the first martyrs of the movement. On the night of Christmas, December 25, 1951, a bomb that had been planted under the Moores' bedroom floor exploded.[1] They had celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary earlier that day.[2] Harry died in the ambulance in transit from the attack, and his wife Harriette died from her injuries nine days later, on January 3, 1952.[1] Their murder was the first assassination of any activist to occur during the civil rights movement, and the only time that a husband and wife were murdered during the history of the movement.[3][4] Background{{See also|NAACP|White supremacy|Jim Crow era}}Harry Moore and Harriette Simms married in December 25, 1926 and moved into the Simms' family home the following fall.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=27}} Harry was an educator, and Harriette was a former teacher turned insurance broker.[3] In 1927, Harry was promoted to the position of principal at the local Titusville Colored School.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=27}} The city's school system was racially segregated, like many in the country at the time.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=27}}[1] While Harry taught the school's ninth grade (the school taught grades one through nine), he also supervised the team of teachers at the school.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=27}} The school was closed early his first year by the local school board just 6 months into the year, as part of the local school system's systemic discrimination against black children.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=27}}[1][3] The Moores had their first daughter in 1928, and moved into their own home with an acre of land given to them by Harriette's parents.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=27}}{{sfn|Green|1999|p=28}} They gave birth to their second daughter in 1930.[3]{{sfn|Green|1999|p=28}} Harriette returned to her career in education the following year, and later began working as a teacher for the same school as Harry.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=28}} In 1934, Harry founded the Brevard County, Florida, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chapter.{{sfn|Green|1999|p=45}}[3]{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=335}} He later served as the NAACP's first Executive Secretary in the state of Florida.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=335}} The NAACP chapter worked towards achieving equal pay for equal work for teachers of any race, fought to get lynchings prosecuted, attempted to register black voters in the region.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=335}}[1] The activism of Moore was highly controversial in the local white-dominated county.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=335}} In 1946 this resulted in the firings of Harry and Harriette from their teaching jobs by state authorities.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=335}}[3] Afterwards, Harry became a full-time employee of the NAACP.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=335}} MurderOn the night of December 25, 1951, the Moores finished celebrating Christmas and their 25th wedding anniversary.[5] When they later retired to their bedroom for the evening, a bomb exploded, injuring Harry and Harriette but leaving their daughter (who was at home at the time — the other was in a different location) unharmed.[6] The improvised explosive device, which was made from dynamite, had been placed directly under the Moores' bedroom floor.[3] The Moores were rushed to the nearest hospital that would treat African-Americans in Sanford, Florida, a {{convert|29.8|miles|km}} drive by car.[5] Harry died in the ambulance; his wife Harriette lived to see her husband buried, before dying nine days later from her injuries.[5] Investigations and motive
Since the night of the explosion in 1951, five separate criminal investigations have been initiated and completed.[6] The first investigation was headed by the FBI beginning on the night of the explosion and concluding in 1955.[6] The second investigation was a joint investigation by the Brevard County Sheriff's Office and Brevard County State Attorney's Office in 1978.[6] The third investigation took place in 1991 by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE). In 2004, a fourth investigation was commenced by the Florida Attorney General's Office of Civil Rights.[6] In 2008, the FBI again investigated the Moore homicides as part of the Department of Justice's "Cold Case Initiative".[6] In total, the five criminal investigations revealed evidence implicating four subjects in the bombing.[6] The four subjects were known to be high ranking members within the Ku Klux Klan in the central region of Florida.[6] The first of the four, Earl J. Brooklyn, was a Klansman with a reputation for being exceedingly violent and described as "a renegade" after being expelled from a Klavern of the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia for engaging in unsanctioned acts of violence.[6] Brooklyn reportedly was in possession of floor plans of the Moore home, and was said to be recruiting volunteers to assist in the bombing.[6] The second subject, Tillman H. "Curley" Belvin, was also reported to be a violent member of the Klan and a close friend of Brooklyn.[6] Joseph Cox, another Klansman, was implicated in the bombing by a fellow Klansman, Edward L. Spivey.[6] Spivey implicated Cox in a deathbed confession while suffering in the late stages of cancer in 1978.[6] Cox committed suicide in 1952, one day after being confronted by the FBI.[6] The investigation revealed that Harry's civil rights advocacy made him a known target of the Klan.[6] No arrests were ever made in the case.[6] All four of the subjects are now deceased.[6] The Department of Justice Civil Rights Division closed the file on the federal investigation in 2011.[6] Public reactionDuring the early morning hours of the following day, December 26, 1951, angry men in Titusville's black neighborhoods were in the streets spreading word of the bombing.[7] Within the following hours men and women, from Brevard County, still in their nightclothes walked and rode towards Mims to protest in the streets.[7] Most of the people knew Moore personally, some via his job in education, some via the NAACP, and others through his registration drives.[7] The assassination triggered nationwide protests, with rallies, memorials, and other events held following the news of the bombing.[7][41] The 33rd President of the United States Harry S Truman, and Governor Fuller Warren both received a high volume of telegrams and letters in protest of the murder of the civil rights activists in Mims, Florida. In New York City, a few weeks later on January 5, 1952, Jackie Robinson held a memorial service drawing approximately 3,000 mourners.[42] The NAACP later held a memorial service, in March 1952, in the Madison Square Garden; their memorial was attended by 15,000 people, where speakers like Langston Hughes had come to give their respects.[8]
Awards and tributesIn 1952, the year following the Moore's murders, Harry was posthumously awarded the NAACP's Spingarn Medal.[9] In 1999, the site of the Moore's home in Mims, Florida, where the bombing occurred became an Historical Heritage Landmark of the State of Florida.[10] Five years later Brevard County's local government christened the "Harry T. and Harriette Moore Memorial Park and Interpretive Center".[10] See also{{portal|Civil Rights Movement|Criminal justice|Death|Florida}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web |url=https://www.nbbd.com/godo/moore/investigation/0608MooreExecSum.pdf |title=The Christmas 1951 Murders of Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore; Results of the Attorney General’s Investigation: Executive Summary |last=Crist |first=Charlie; Attorney General |date=August 16, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2018}} 2. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2016/12/25/1611786/-Christmas-1951-Murder-of-a-civil-rights-pioneer |title=Christmas 1951: Murder of a civil rights pioneer |work=Daily Kos |access-date=February 27, 2018}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/harrymoore/harry/mbio.html |title=PBS — Freedom Never Dies: The Story of Harry T. Moore — Harry T. Moore — Moore's Bio |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=February 27, 2018}} 4. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/evangeline-moore-daughter-of-slain-civil-rights-workers-dies-at-85/2015/10/28/621966bc-7d8e-11e5-beba-927fd8634498_story.html |title=Evangeline Moore, daughter of slain civil rights workers, dies at 85 |last=Schudel |first=Matt |date=October 28, 2015 |work=Washington Post |access-date=February 27, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/2016/12/26/florida-frontiers-remembering-harry-t-moore/95793990/ |title=Florida Frontiers: Remembering Harry T. Moore |work=Florida Today |access-date=March 1, 2018 |language=en}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{Cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/harry-t-moore-harriette-v-moore-notice-close-file |title=Harry T. Moore, Harriette V. Moore – Notice to Close File; |author=Department of Justice |website=www.justice.gov |language=en |date=July 13, 2011 |access-date=March 1, 2018}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/green-time.html |title=Before His Time |last=Green |first=Ben |work=New York Times |access-date=March 3, 2018}} 8. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/moore-harry-t-1905-1951 |title=Moore, Harry T. 1905–1951 – Dictionary definition of Moore, Harry T. 1905–1951 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |language=en |access-date=March 3, 2018}} 9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.naacp.org/awards/spingarn-medal/winners/ |title=NAACP | Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today |website=NAACP |language=en-US |access-date=March 3, 2018}} 10. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=http://www.orangecountydbc.org/black-history-fact-a-day-series.html |title=Black History Fact A Day Series |website=Orange County Democratic Black Caucus |language=en |access-date=March 3, 2018}} Bibliography
16 : 1951 in Florida|1951 murders in the United States|Assassinated American civil rights activists|Assassinations in the United States|Attacks in the United States in 1951|Deaths by explosive device|December 1951 events|Explosions in 1951|Explosions in the United States|History of Brevard County, Florida|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People activists|People murdered in Florida|Terrorist incidents in 1951|Terrorist incidents in Florida|Unsolved murders in the United States|Racially motivated violence against African Americans |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。