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词条 Musgraveia sulciventris
释义

  1. Taxonomy

  2. Description and life cycle

  3. Distribution and habitat

  4. Ecology

  5. References

{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = Musgraveia sulciventris
| image = Musgraveia sulciventris (14337826319).jpg
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis = Insecta
| ordo = Hemiptera
| superfamilia = Pentatomoidea
| familia = Tessaratomidae
| subfamilia = Oncomerinae
| genus = Musgraveia
| species = M. sulciventris
| binomial = Musgraveia sulciventris
| binomial_authority = Stål, 1863
| synonyms = Oncoscelis sulciventris
}}Musgraveia sulciventris is a large stink bug found in Australia, sometimes known as the bronze orange bug but more often "stink bug". It is considered a pest, particularly to plants in the citrus group.[1] They suck the sap from trees, which causes the flowers and fruit to fall.[2][3]

Taxonomy

In 1863, Swedish entomologist Carl Stål described the species as Oncoscelis sulciventris from a collection near Moreton Bay in Queensland.[4][5] In 1957, English entomologists Dennis Leston and G.G.E. Scudder reclassified the bronze orange bug as Musgraveia sulciventris, due to reorganization of Oncoscelis and related genera.[6] It is the type species of the genus Musgraveia and in the Tessaratomidae family.[7][8]

Description and life cycle

Bronze orange bugs first appear in late winter. Mating takes place between late November through early March. Each mating pair takes 3 to 5 days to produce 10 to 14 eggs.[9] The female lays up to four clutches of eggs and deposits them on the undersurface of a leaf. The bright green spherical eggs are around {{convert|2.5|mm|1|abbr=on}} in diameter.[10] The incubation period varies based on current weather conditions. Hatching averages around 7.4 days at 25 °C and 6 percent humidity.[11] As a light green nymph, they are difficult to spot and often mistaken for a different species.[1][13] The species has five stages of development known as instars. The first instars remain huddled near the eggs. They are transparent pale green with orange eyes.[11] The second instars are more buff or pale yellow.[11] Adults grow to be approximately 25 mm (nearly 1 in) long, and go from orange to their more familiar bronze color as they develop.[10]

{{clear left}}{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| background color =
| header =Life cycle of Musgraveia sulciventris
| footer = Left: A cluster of bronze orange bug eggs. The embryos can be seen through the clear egg membranes, as well as the small ring of micropylar processes on each egg. The second egg from the bottom right is unfertilized and remains a murky green; Center left: Nymphs emerging from the eggs. Early instars of bronze orange bugs are bright green in color; Center right: A fourth or fifth instar nymph resting on a citrus leaf. It is now brilliantly orange in color with black margins and a small black dot at the center of its body; Right: An adult bronze orange bug on the underside of a citrus leaf. The adults are much drabber in color than the nymphs. Below it is also a green third instar nymph.
| header_align = center
| footer_align = left
| header_background =#d3d3a4
| footer_background =
| image1 =Bronze Orange Bug eggs.jpg
| width1 =200
| alt1 =A cluster of 13 small spherical eggs glued together on a twig. Visible through each are the pair of eyes of the developing embryos, except for an unfertilized egg.
| caption1 =
| image2 =Newly hatched Musgraveia sulciventris (bronze orange bugs).jpg
| width2 =200
| alt2 =Small flattened ovoid bug wandering on a twig. Empty eggs lie below them with holes at the tops.
| caption2 =
| image3 =Fourth or fifth instar of Bronze Citrus Bug, Musgraveia sulciventris on Orange.jpg
| width3 =200
| alt3 =An oval dorsoventrally flattened nymph of the bronze orange bug on a citrus leaf.
| caption3 =
| caption2
| image4 =Bronze Orange Bug, Musgraveia sulciventris.jpg
| width4 =200
| alt4 =A bronze orange bug clinging to the underside of an orange leaf. The shape of its body is distinctly shield-like.
| caption4 =
}}

Distribution and habitat

Musgraveia sulciventris is found in Queensland and New South Wales in Eastern Australia, but as far south as Wollongong.[7] Its range of location has spread significantly since European colonization.[12]

Ecology

Its native host plants include the desert lime (Citrus glauca), the Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica),[13] and Correas.[14] It has become a major pest of cultivated citrus crops, where it sucks the fluid from new growth and young fruit, causing them to turn yellow and drop off.[15] Whole crops can be devastated.[16]

The common name of stinkbug refers to a malodorous liquid that the insect sprays when threatened. It is composed of alkanes, cimicine and aldehydes from glands in the thorax. These compounds primarily serve as protection against fellow arthropods, to which they are lethal. However, the defensive chemicals of M. sulciventris are known for being among the most debilitating to vertebrates, which is likely a defense specifically aimed against birds.[17] They can cause damage to human skin and even cause temporary blindness if sprayed into the eyes.[18][19][19][20] The bronze orange bug can spray the liquid at a target up to 0.6 m (2 ft) away.[16]

Insects that prey on the bronze orange bug include the common assassin bug (Pristhesancus plagipennis), the predatory Asopinae bug species Amyotea hamatus, and the parasitoid wasps Eupelmus poggioni and Telenomus spp.[4]

References

1. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.gardenclinic.com.au/how-to-grow-article/bugwatch-bronze-orange-bugs|title=Bugwatch: Bronze Orange Bugs|last=Pretty|newspaper=The Garden Clinic|access-date=2016-12-10}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ozanimals.com/Insect/Bronze-Orange-Bug/Musgraveia/sulciventris.html |title=Bronze Orange Bug (Musgraveia sulciventris) |publisher=OzAnimals,com |accessdate=August 15, 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_stinkbugs/BronzeOrangeBugs.htm |title=Bronze Orange Bug – Musgraveia sulciventris |publisher=Brisbane Insects |accessdate=August 15, 2016}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Musgraveia_sulciventris |title=Species Musgraveia sulciventris (Stål, 1863)|last=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=17 February 2013|work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|accessdate=17 August 2016|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory}}
5. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32121552 | author=Stål, Carl | year=1863|title= Hemipterorum exoticorum generum et specierum nonnullarum novarum descriptiones| journal= Transactions of the Entomological Society of London |volume=3 | issue=1|pages= 571–603 [598]}}
6. ^{{cite journal|author1=Leston, Dennis |author2=Scudder,G.G.E | date=1957|title=The taxonomy of the bronze orange-bug and related Australian Oncomerinae (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae)|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History|volume=10|issue=114|pages=439–48 | doi=10.1080/00222935708655982 }}
7. ^1 {{cite journal|year=2000|title=A generic revision of the Oncomerinae (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea: Tessaratomidae)|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/files/180/9322374.pdf#page=308|journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum|volume=46|issue=1|pages=307–30|author=Sinclair, David Patrick}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/12036642/names|title=Bronze Orange Bug - Musgraveia sulciventris - Classifications - Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life|access-date=2016-12-10}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/bronze-orange-bug|title=Bronze Orange Bug - Australian Museum|website=australianmuseum.net.au|access-date=2016-12-10}}
10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_stinkbugs/BronzeOrangeBugs.htm|title=Bronze Orange Bug - Musgraveia sulciventris, Family Tessaratomidae|last=Chew|first=Peter|website=www.brisbaneinsects.com|access-date=2016-12-10}}
11. ^{{cite journal | title=Morphology and relationships of the Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera) | author=Kumar, R. | journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume= 17|issue=3|pages= 553–606 | year= 1969 |doi=10.1071/ZO9690553 }}
12. ^{{cite journal|author=Monteith, Geoff B. |year=2011|title=Maternal Care, Food Plants and Distribution of Australian Oncomerinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tessaratomidae)|journal=Australian Entomologist|volume=38|issue=1|pages=37–48|url=http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0019_1135-1152.pdf}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=McDonald|first=F.J.D.|date=1969|title=Life-cycle of the bronze orange bug Musgraveia sulciventris (Stal) (Hemiptera : Tessaratomidae)|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=17|issue=5|pages=817–20 | doi=10.1071/ZO9690817}}
14. ^{{cite book|last=Farrow|first=Roger |title=Insects of South-Eastern Australia: An Ecological and Behavioural Guide |publisher=CSIRO Publishing|location=Collingwood, Victoria|date=2014|pages=157|isbn=9781486304752|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=jysODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157}}
15. ^1 {{cite book|last=Hockings|first=F.D.|title=Pests, Diseases and Beneficials: Friends and Foes of Australian Gardens|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|location=Collingwood, Victoria|date=2014|pages=57|isbn=9781486300228|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=zTZnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}
16. ^1 {{cite book|last=Reuther|first=Walter |title=The Citrus Industry: Crop protection, postharvest technology, and early history of citrus research in California |publisher=UCANR Publications|location=Oakland, California|date=1989|pages=53|isbn=9780931876875|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lrhOoeLJ1CkC&pg=PA53}}
17. ^{{cite thesis|author= Jan Raška|year= 2009|title=Function of metathoracic scent glands in terrestrial Heteroptera |degree=Bachelor|publisher=Univerzita Karlova v Praze |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/BP_Jaro_09/Raska_bakalarska%20prace.pdf|accessdate= May 1, 2011}}
18. ^{{cite journal|author1=Jonathan Figueroa Jiménez |author2=Nohely Trabal |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Piezosternum subulatum (Thunberg 1783) |publisher=Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez |url=http://rolemodel.uprm.edu/student-outcomes/zoology/reports/Piezosternum-subulatum-Page-Figueroa-Trabel-Spring2009.pdf|accessdate= May 1, 2011}}
19. ^1 {{cite book|author=John L. Capinera|title =Encyclopedia of entomology|publisher =Springer|year =2008|page=2749|isbn =978-1-4020-6242-1|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
20. ^{{cite journal|author1=Jocelia Grazia |author2=Randall T. Schuhb |author3=Ward C. Wheeler |last-author-amp=yes |year=2008|title=Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)|journal=Cladistics|volume=24|issue=6 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x|pages=932–976|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|url=http://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/wheeler/Graziaetal2008.pdf|accessdate= April 27, 2011}}
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3 : Tessaratomidae|Insects of Australia|Insects described in 1863
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