| 词条 | Mutjati |
| 释义 |
The Wuthathi, also known as the Mutjati, are an indigenous Australian people of the state of Queensland. Norman Tindale distinguished the Mutjati from the Otati, whereas AIATSIS treats the two ethnonyms as variants related to the one ethnic group, the Wuthathi. LanguageWuthathi is considered to have been a dialect of the Uradhi branch of the Paman languages. CountryThe Wuthathi, according to Tindale, held sway over some {{convert|150|mi2|km2}} of territory extending north from Shelburne Bay north to the vicinity of Orford Ness.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=182}} The area around Shelburne Bay has been described as the some of 'the most beautiful coastal and island country in Australia, if not the world,'{{sfn|Wright|2016}} and was home to over 30 rare and threatened species of fauna as the double-wattled cassowary and the palm cockatoo.{{sfn|Robertson|2016}} One report issued after the battle for the conservation of Shelburne Bay from silica mining had been won, stated of Shelburne, together with the Cape Flattery duneland: The extraordinary landscapes of these two largest dunefields make a lasting impression on all who view them. Active, large elongated parabolic dunes rise like snow-clad hills above vegetation and/or lake filled swales. Low ridges (<2m high) in repeated v-shapes form so called Gegenwalle ground patterns within the dunefields, that are the best developed and largest in the world.{{sfn|SBD|2003}} MythologyWuthathi origin stories focus on their totem, the Diamond stingray, in Wuthathi called yama,{{sfn|GBRMPA}} which had been washed up on shore and flipped on its back during a tempest, exposing its pure white belly, a tale which apparently had an aetiological purpose for explaining the dazzling white silica dunes characteristic of the site.{{sfn|Wright|2016}} History of contactThe Wuthathi were uprooted from the Shelburne Bay area and forcefully herded by the Queensland Government down to the Lockhart Mission where they were forbidden to practice their customs or speak their language.{{sfn|Wright|2016}} The land they were dispossessed of was then leased out to white pastoralists.{{sfn|Wright|2016}} When word leaked out in 1985 that a joint Japanese Australian consortium, Shelburne Silica, proposed mining the white silica sand dunes at Shelburne Bay and was seeking a mining lease to work over 765 sq. kilometres of dunefields, in order to extract and export 400,000 tonnes a year for the Japanese glass manufacturing industry, the displaced Wuthathi and Australian conservation activists, the latter headed by Don Henry of the Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland, mobilized to challenge the plan through the courts.{{sfn|Meadows|2001|pp=95–97}}{{sfn|Wright|2016}} The consortium produced documentation claiming that the Wuthathi people were extinct, though one descendant, Alik Pablo, artfully demonstrated his knowledge of the bay when miners lawyers tested him with an upturned map to confuse him. Despite a ruling by the Mining Warden in favour of the indigenous people, the government of Joh Bjelke-Petersen persisted in ignoring the decision. Eventually the then Prime Minister Bob Hawke, included the Shelburne Bay in one of the four conservation areas he marked out as crucial to the national interest, the others being The Daintree Wet Tropics, Kakadu and the Tasmanian Wilderness.{{sfn|Wright|2016}} In 2016, after a century of dispossession, the Wuthathi right to 118,000 hectares of this spectacular coastal landscape was recognized.{{sfn|Robertson|2016}} Alternative names
NotesCitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| publisher = Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority | url = http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-partners/traditional-owners/traditional-owners-of-the-great-barrier-reef/language-totems-and-stories | ref = {{harvid|GBRMPA}} }}
| last = McConnel | first = Ursula H. | author-link = Ursula McConnel | journal = Oceania | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–145 | date = December 1950 | jstor = 40328279 | ref = harv }}
| last = Meadows | first = Michael | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 2001 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Cacl7b8faEEC&pg=PA96 | isbn = 978-0-313-31566-4 | ref = harv }}
| last = Robertson | first = Joshua | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/dec/15/shelburne-bay-in-cape-york-handed-back-to-wuthathi-people-after-20-year-battle | date = 15 December 2016 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = The Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation | url = https://www.wilderness.org.au/shelburne-bay-decision | date = 8 September 2003 | ref = {{harvid|SBD|2003}} }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/mutjati.htm | ref = harv }}
| last = Wright | first = Tony | newspaper = The Sydney Morning Herald | url = http://www.smh.com.au/national/wuthathi-return-to-dreaming-as-white-sands-of-shelburne-bay-given-back-20161215-gtc44d.html | date = 17 December 2016 | ref = harv }}
| publisher = The AustKin project | url = http://www.austkin.net/index.php?loc=language&id=897 | ref = {{harvid|Wuthathi}} }}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples of Queensland}} 1 : Aboriginal peoples of Queensland |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。