| 词条 | Berkeley Plantation | ||
| 释义 |
| name =Berkeley Plantation | nrhp_type =nhl | designated_other1 = Virginia Landmarks Register | designated_other1_date = July 6, 1971[1] | designated_other1_number = 018-0001 | designated_other1_num_position = bottom | image =Berkeley plantation harrison home.jpg | caption =House from the South (river) side | location= 8 mi. W of Charles City, Charles City County, Virginia | coordinates = {{coord|37|19|18|N|77|10|54|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Virginia | architecture= Georgian | designated_nrhp_type= November 11, 1971[2] | built = {{Start date|1726}} | area = {{convert|650|acre}} | governing_body = Private | refnum = 71001040[3] }} Berkeley Plantation, one of the first plantations in America, comprises about {{convert|1,000|acre}} on the banks of the James River on State Route 5 in Charles City County, Virginia. Berkeley Plantation was originally called Berkeley Hundred and named after the Berkeley Company of England. Benjamin Harrison IV built on the estate what is believed to be the oldest three-story brick mansion in Virginia and is the ancestral home to two Presidents of the United States: William Henry Harrison, his grandson, and Benjamin Harrison his great-great-grandson.[4][5] It is now a museum property, open to the public. Among the many American "firsts" that occurred at Berkeley Plantation are:
HistoryOn December 4, 1619, a group of 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred, about {{convert|8,000|acre|km2}} on the north bank of the James River near Herring Creek in an area then known as Charles Cittie (sic). It was named for one of the original founders, Richard Berkeley,[7] a member of the Berkeley family of Gloucestershire, England. It was about 20 miles upstream from Jamestown, where the first permanent settlement of the Colony of Virginia was established on May 14, 1607. The group's London Company charter required that the day of arrival be observed as a "day of thanksgiving" to God. On that first day, Captain John Woodlief held a service pursuant to the charter which specified, "Wee ordaine that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned for plantacon in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually keept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God.".[8] During the Indian Massacre of 1622, nine of the settlers at Berkeley Hundred were killed, as well as about a third of the entire population of the Virginia Colony. The Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned as the colonists withdrew to Jamestown and other more secure points. In 1634, Charles Cittie became part of the first eight shires of Virginia, as Charles City County, one of the oldest in the United States, and is located along Virginia State Route 5, which runs parallel to the river's northern borders past sites of many of the James River Plantations between the colonial capital city of Williamsburg (now the site of Colonial Williamsburg) and the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia at Richmond. After several decades, the site of Berkeley Hundred became the property of Theodorick Bland of Westover. A portion of the Berkeley Hundred patent was purchased from descendant Giles Bland by Benjamin Harrison III. His son Benjamin Harrison IV built the three story brick mansion that became the seat of the Harrison family, one of the First Families of Virginia in 1726. Using bricks fired on the Berkeley plantation, Benjamin Harrison IV built a Georgian-style two-story brick mansion on a hill overlooking the James River in 1726.[9] Harrison's son, Benjamin Harrison V, a signer of the American Declaration of Independence and a Governor of Virginia, was born at Berkeley Plantation, as was his son William Henry Harrison, a war hero in the Battle of Tippecanoe, governor of Indiana Territory, and ninth President of the United States. Berkeley would later earn a distinction shared only with Peacefield in Quincy, Massachusetts as the ancestral home for two United States Presidents,[4] though this connection is tenuous, as William Henry Harrison's grandson, the 23rd president, Benjamin Harrison, was born and reared in North Bend, Ohio, and his father, John Scott Harrison, was born in Vincennes, Indiana, while his father (William Henry Harrison) was the first territorial governor of the Indiana Territory. Using poor farming techniques, Benjamin Harrison VIII bankrupted the plantation and it was foreclosed on by a local bank and the family evicted.[10] During the American Civil War, Union troops occupied Berkeley Plantation, and President Abraham Lincoln twice visited there in the summer of 1862 to confer with Gen. George B. McClellan. The Harrisons were not unable to regain possession of the plantation after the war, and it was rented out by the bank from time to time to tenant farmers and the mansion was eventually used as a barn, falling into such disrepair that it was uninhabitable.[6][11] RestorationJohn Jamieson, a lumber "tycoon" who as a youth had been a drummer boy in McClellan's army, purchased the property in 1907, and in 1925, his son Malcolm inherited the property, expending large sums of money to turn the ruined main house into a livable and stately home for himself and his bride Grace Eggleston. The project took over a decade and was finally occupied by the Jamisons in 1938. The ground floor of the mansion was turned into a museum in the 1960s. Today the house attracts visitors from the United States and other parts of the world. The architecture is original, and the house has been filled with antique furniture and furnishings that date from the period when it was built. The grounds, too, have been restored, and cuttings from the boxwood gardens are available as living souvenirs for its visitors. Berkeley is still a working farm; corn, soybeans, wheat, tomatoes, and other vegetables are grown here. There is also a small family cemetery on the property. Among those buried here are Benjamin Harrison V, Grace Jamieson, and Malcolm Jamieson. [6]ExteriorThe main house is the centerpiece of ten acres of formal gardens and parterres. The house is surrounded by boxwood hedges forming allées. Large pillars with decorative spires support large hinged gates. The house is constructed of red brick with thin mortar joints. The two story building's main entrance is in the center of the house, with two symmetrical windows on either side and a central window directly above the door. These windows are double sashed with 12 panes per sash. An entablature with dentil moldings support the gabled roof, which is pierced by three dormer windows and two large brick chimneys. The grounds include a two-story gabled guest house, with symmetrical one story wings on each side. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Virginia Landmarks Register|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources|accessdate=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053819/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|archive-date=2013-09-21|dead-url=yes|df=}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1180&ResourceType=Building|title=Berkeley Plantation|accessdate=2008-06-23|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211101640/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1180&ResourceType=Building|archivedate=2008-12-11|df=}} 3. ^{{NRISref|version=2010a}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Haas |first1=Irvin |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Historic homes of the American Presidents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8RBlp8bNpwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate= |type= |edition=Second |series= |volume= |date= |year=1991 |month= |origyear=1976 |publisher=David McKay Company Inc. |location=New York |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |page= |pages=47–54|chapter=William Henry Harrison: |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8RBlp8bNpwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref= |bibcode= }} 5. ^{{cite web|author=Charles W. Snell |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Berkeley Plantation |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/CharlesCity/018-0001_Berkeley_1972_Final_Nomination.pdf |date=May 1971 |accessdate=2013-06-13 |publisher=Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission}} and Accompanying photo 6. ^1 2 Roberts, Bruce (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6S515rAAEpgC&pg=PA32 Plantation Homes of the James River], pp. 32-35. The University of North Carolina Press. 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Alexander|title=The genesis of the United States|date=1897|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|page=828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVtKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA828#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 January 2018|language=en}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art15545.asp|title=BellaOnline 15545|publisher=}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1=Renouf |first1=Norman |authorlink1= |last2=Renouf |first2=Kathy |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Romantic Weekends in Virginia, Washington DC and Maryland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1EbJWNPi9wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate= |type= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1999 |month= |publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc. |location=Edison, New Jersey |isbn=978-1-55650-835-6 |oclc= |doi= |page=90 |pages=|chapter=Central Virginia: Charles City County |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1EbJWNPi9wC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref= |bibcode= }} 10. ^ http://www.berkeleyplantation.com/harrisons.html 11. ^http://www.berkeleyplantation.com/drummer-boy-returns.html Further reading
External links
17 : Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia|Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia|National Historic Landmarks in Virginia|Museums in Charles City County, Virginia|James River plantations|Plantations in Virginia|Plantation houses in Virginia|Historic house museums in Virginia|Presidential homes in the United States|Harrison family of Virginia|Houses completed in 1726|Bland family of Virginia|Presidential museums in Virginia|Georgian architecture in Virginia|Houses in Charles City County, Virginia|National Register of Historic Places in Charles City County, Virginia|1619 establishments in Virginia |
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