“Advanced and retracted tongue root”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Advanced and retracted tongue root

释义

Advanced tongue root
Retracted tongue root
Tongue root position and vowel harmony
Tongue root and phonation
Additional images
See also
References

{{Infobox IPA
| above = Advanced tongue root (ATR)
| ipa symbol = ◌̘
| ipa number = 417
|showbelow=yes
}}{{Infobox IPA
| above = Retracted tongue root (RTR)
| ipa symbol = ◌̙
| ipa number = 418
}}

In phonetics, advanced tongue root and retracted tongue root, abbreviated ATR or RTR, are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa but also in Kazakh and Mongolian. ATR vs RTR used to be suggested to be the basis for the distinction between tense and lax vowels in European languages such as German, but that no longer seems tenable.^[1]

Advanced tongue root

Advanced tongue root, abbreviated ATR or +ATR, also called expanded, involves the expansion of the pharyngeal cavity by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the larynx during the pronunciation of a vowel. The lowering of the larynx sometimes adds a breathy quality to the vowel.

Voiced stops such as [{{IPAlink|b}}], [{{IPAlink|d}}], [{{IPAlink|g}}] can often involve non-contrastive tongue root advancement whose results can be seen occasionally in sound changes relating stop voicing and vowel frontness such as voicing stop consonants before front vowels in the Oghuz Turkic languages or in Adjarian's law: the fronting of vowels after voiced stops in certain dialects of Armenian.^[2]

True uvular consonants appear to be incompatible with advanced tongue root, i.e. they are inherently [–ATR]. Combined with the above tendency for voiced stops to be [+ATR], that motivates the extreme rarity of the voiced uvular stop {{IPA|[ɢ]}} compared to its voiceless counterpart {{IPA|[q]}}.^[2]

The International Phonetic Alphabet represents ATR with a "left tack" diacritic, {{IPA|[ ̘ ]}}.

In languages in which they occur, advanced-tongue-root vowels very often contrast with retracted tongue root (RTR) vowels in a system of vowel harmony, which occurs commonly in large parts of West and East Africa.

ATR vowels involve a certain tension in the tongue, often in the lips and jaw as well; the ear can often perceive this tension as a "brightness" (narrow formants) compared to RTR vowels. Nonetheless, phoneticians do not refer to ATR vowels as tense vowels since the word tense already has several meanings in European phonetics.

Retracted tongue root

Retracted tongue root, abbreviated RTR, is the retraction of the base of the tongue in the pharynx during the pronunciation of a vowel, the opposite articulation of advanced tongue root. Then, it is in effect partial pharyngealization, but it may also contrast with full pharyngealization.{{cn|date=June 2015}}

The neutral position of the tongue during the pronunciation of a vowel, contrasting with advanced tongue root and thus marked -ATR, is also sometimes referred to as retracted tongue root.{{cn|date=June 2015}}

The diacritic for RTR in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the right tack, {{IPA|[ ̙ ]}}.

RTR vowels are often called "lax", but it is not consistent between languages or even between vowels in the same language.

Tongue root position and vowel harmony

As mentioned above, many African languages, such as Maasai, have systems of vowel harmony based on tongue root position. That is illustrated here with the Fante dialect of Akan, which has fifteen vowels: five +ATR vowels, five −ATR vowels, and five nasal vowels.

Fante ±ATR vowels
Ortho- graphy	+ATR value	−ATR value	Approx. European equivalent
i	/i̘/}}	[i]}}
e	/e̘/}}	/i/}}	[e]}}, {{IPA\|[ɪ]}}
ɛ	/e/}}	[ɛ]}}
a	/a̘/}}	/a/}}	[æ]}}, {{IPA\|[ɑ]}}
ɔ	/o/}}	[ɔ]}}
o	/o̘/}}	/u/}}	[o]}}, {{IPA\|[ʊ]}}
u	/u̘/}}	[u]}}

There are two harmonization rules that govern the vowels that may co-occur in a word:

All −ATR vowels become +ATR when followed by a peripheral +ATR vowel ({{IPA|/i̘ a̘ u̘/}}). That is, orthographic e ɛ a ɔ o become i e a o u before i u and sometimes before a.
As long as it does not conflict with the previous rule, the +ATR mid vowels ({{IPA|/e̘ o̘/}}) become −ATR high vowels ({{IPA|/i u/}}) when preceded by a −ATR non-high vowel ({{IPA|/e a o/}}). (It is not reflected in the orthography; underlying and surface vowels are both spelled e o.)

In the Twi language, the ±ATR distinction has merged in the low vowel and so {{IPA|/a/}} is harmonically neutral, occurring with either set of vowels. In addition, the two vowels written e ({{IPA|/e̘/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}) and o ({{IPA|/o̘/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}) are often not distinguished and are approximately equivalent to European {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}}, as reflected in the orthography; for such people, the second harmonization rule does not apply.^[3]

Tongue root and phonation

With advances in fiber-optic laryngoscopy at the end of the twentieth century, new types of phonation were discovered that involve more of the larynx than just the glottis. One of the few languages studied thus far, the Togolese language Kabiyé, has a vocalic distinction that had been assumed to be one of tongue root. However, it turned out to be a phonation distinction of faucalized voice versus harsh voice.^[4]

It is not yet clear whether that is characteristic of ±ATR distinctions in general.

Additional images

References

1. ^Ladefoged, Peter and Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
2. ^¹{{cite journal|first=Bert|last=Vaux|title=A Note on Pharyngeal Features|year=1999|journal=Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics}}
3. ^J.E. Redden and N. Owusu (1963, 1995). Twi Basic Course. Foreign Service Institute (Hippocrene reprint).
4. ^{{cite book | last = Edmondson| first = Jerold A.|author2= John H. Esling| title = The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register, and stress: laryngoscopic case studies| year = 2005}}

1 : Vowels

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